Chapters 11-13

Question 1

Unconditioned Reinforcer

Answer 1

Stimulus change that functions as SR even though the learner has had no particular learning history with it

Question 2

Examples of unconditioned reinforcers

Answer 2

Food, water, rest, shelter, sex, mental stimulation

Question 3

Conditioned Reinforcers

Answer 3

Previously neutral stimulus change that has acquired the capability to function as a Sr through S-S pairing with one or more UCR or CR. Be able to name examples

Question 4

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 4

Occurs when a response is followed immediately by the presentation of a S and, as a result, similar responses occur more frequently in the future

Question 5

Response-deprivation hypothesis

Answer 5

Model for predicting whether access to one R (the contingent R) will function as SR for another R (the instrumental response) based on the relative baseline rates at which each R occurs and whether access to the contingent R represents a restriction compared to the baseline level of engagement.

Question 6

Give example of Response-deprivation hypothesis

Answer 6

name an example where deprivation from one behavior will function as a reinforcer for another behavior

Question 7

Social vs automatic reinforcement

Answer 7

Automatic reinforcement-occurs without presentation of consequences from others
Social reinforcement-does

Question 8

Describe some common mistakes in talking or writing about reinforcement

Answer 8

• Reinforcing the person (Reinforcing the behavior)
• Practice as reinforcement for a skill (Not unless the practice makes the skill happen more often!)
• Artificial SR (contrived)
• SR and feedback as synonyms (feedback may or may not increase frequency of R)
• Remember, better to correctly use commonsense language than incorrectly use technical language!

Question 9

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 9

Contingency in which the occurrence of a response produces the removal, termination, reduction, or postponement of a S, which leads to an increase in the future occurrence of that response. Give an example

Question 10

Methods of identifying potential Srs (Diagram on page 275)

Answer 10

Stimulus Preference assessments and reinforcer assessments

Question 11

Escape contingency

Answer 11

A response terminates an ongoing S

Question 12

Avoidance Contingency

Answer 12

A response prevents or postpones the presentation of a S

Question 13

Name the basic schedules of reinforcement

Answer 13

FR, VR, FI, VI

Question 14

Fixed Ratio

Answer 14

• often produce high rates of response
• size of ratio can influence the rate of response on FR schedules
• postreinforcement pause-participant does not respond for a time following SR

Question 15

Variable Ratio

Answer 15

• Produces consistent, steady rates of response
• Does not produce postreinforcement pause
• Tends to produce a quick rate of response

Question 16

Fixed Ratio

Answer 16

• Often produce high rates of response
• Size of ratio can influence the rate of response on FR schedules
• postreinforcement pause-participant does not respond for a time following SR

Question 17

Variable Ratio

Answer 17

• Produces consistent, steady rates of response
• Tends to produce a quick rate of response
• Does not produce postreinforcement pause

Question 18

Fixed Interval

Answer 18

• Slow to moderate rates of response

- Postreinforcement pause produces a scallop effect-no responses right after will matter, so why do it?

Question 19

Variable Interval

Answer 19

• Consistency of response: Constant, stable rate of response
• Rate of responding: Low to moderate rate

Question 20

Multiple schedule (Mult)

Answer 20

Two or more basic schedules of SR in an alternating, usually random sequence. SD IS correlated with the presence or absence of each element of the schedule, and SR is delivered for meeting the response requirements of he element in effect at any time

Question 21

Mixed Schedule (mix)

Answer 21

Two or more basic schedule of SR in an alternating, usually random sequence. However, the mixed schedule has no SD correlated with the independent schedules

Question 22

S preference assessments

Answer 22

-Asking
Pros: Easy
Cons: Low correspondence between what people say and what people do
-Free-operant
Pros: Produce accurate results
Cons: May take longer?
-Trial based
Pros: Easy for table top tasks?
Cons: May not be accurate

Question 23

Reinforcement Assessments

Answer 23

Variety of direct, data-based methods used to present one or more stimuli contingent on a target response and then measuring the future effects on the rate of responding.

Concurrent Schedules-two or more contingencies of SR operate independently and simultaneously for 2 or more R
Multiple schedule-two or more component schedules of SR for a single response with only one component schedule in effect at a given time
Progressive-Ratio Schedule- Increases responses per presentation of the preferred S until a breaking point is reached and the response rate declines

Question 24

2 term contingency
3 term contingency
4 term contingency

Answer 24

R–> SR+
SD–>R–>SR+
EO–>SD–>R–>SR+