18-20

Question 1

Imitation

Answer 1

(a) Model presented (physical movement that evokes imitative R)
(b) R immediately follows presentation of model
(c) Model and R must have formal similarity
(d) Model must be the controlling variable for an imitative behavior

Question 2

How would you conduct imitation training?

Answer 2

1) Teach prerequisite skills
2) Select models for training
3) Pre-testing
4) Sequencing models for training
5) Conducting imitation training

Question 3

Strategies to facilitate imitation training

Answer 3

• Keep training sessions active and brief
• Sr Both prompted and imitative responses
• Pair verbal praise and attention with tangible Sr
• If progress breaks down, back up and move ahead slowly
• Keep a record
• Fade out verbal response prompts and physical guidance

Question 4

Shaping

Answer 4

Systematically and deferentially reinforcing successive approximations to a terminal behavior

Question 5

Briefly outline a program for shaping a new skill. Specify each potential approximation and how Sr will be delivered at each step

Answer 5

Weightlifting 100 pounds

• Going to the gym-praise, maybe edible
• Going to bench-praise
• Lifting 10 lbs
• Lifting 20 lbs
• ….
• Lifting 90 lbs
• Lifting 100 lbs

Question 6

How can shaping result in the development of problem behavior?

Answer 6

PB reinforced at higher and more intense rates

Question 7

Forward chaining

Answer 7

Steps of a behavior taught in natural order. Learner performs first step and receives Sr; teacher performs the rest. Then student learns 2nd step, ect.
Benefits:
-can be used to link smaller chains into larger ones
-relatively easy to implement
Ex:

Question 8

Backward chaining

Answer 8

all tasks in TA are completed by trainer except for last step. When the learner is competent in last step, trainer prompts learner to complete second to last step. Process continues until the whole chain is learned.
Benefit: Immediate reinforcement
Ex:

Question 9

Total-Task Chaining

Answer 9

Variation of forward chaining; learner receives training on each step in the task analysis during every session
Benefit: ?
Ex: Showing someone how to make the font bigger in Microsoft Word (typically show whole task and they repeat)

Question 10

What are the two functions of each R within the behavioral chain?

Answer 10

An R serves as Sr for previous step and SD for next step

Question 11

What is a TA? Why create one?

Answer 11

TA-breaking a complex skill into smaller, teachable units, the product of which is a series of sequentially ordered steps or tasks
Benefit: determine sequence of stepwise critical Rs that compromise the complete task and that would lead to it being performed efficiently

Question 12

Describe methods for breaking behavior chains

Answer 12

1) BCIS (behavior chain interruption strategy)-Chain is interrupted at a predetermined step so that another R can be emitted. (Occurs in a chain that a participant can perform independently)
2) Present an alternative SD