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American Government > Chapters 10-11 > Flashcards

Chapters 10-11 Flashcards

1
Q

a republic in which the power is divided among the governments within the nation

A

federal republic

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2
Q

the central (national) government possesses all of the power

A

unitary system

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3
Q

the local units (states) possess all political power

A

confederacy

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4
Q

divides political power between the national and state governments

A

federal system

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5
Q

powers that both the national government and state governments exercise

A

concurent powers

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6
Q

powers expressly stated in the constitution

A

expressed powers

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7
Q

powers implied in the constitution

A

implied powers

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8
Q

the court case that established the doctrine of implied powers

A

McCulloch v. Maryland

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9
Q

powers which are reserved by the Constitution for the states or the people

A

resvered powers

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10
Q

the act of one state honoring the civil laws and county decisions of other states

A

full faith and credit

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11
Q

the special rights and protections guaranteed to the citizens of a state

A

privileges and immunities

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12
Q

the surrendering of an accused or convicted felon to the state from which he fled

A

extradition

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13
Q

each government is independent and exercises it s power without the assistance of other governments

A

dual federalism

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14
Q

belief that adherents could nullify laws they considered unconstitutional

A

doctrine of nullification

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15
Q

culmination of the conflict between the states and the federal government

A

civil war

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16
Q

gave broader interpretations to the power of congress to regulate commerce

A

Gibbons v. Ogden

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17
Q

provided for the federal government to tax personal incomes

A

16th amendment

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18
Q

two events that provided the federal government with the opportunity to extend its taxing power in the name of aiding the states

A

great depression and ww2

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19
Q

central government works with the states to alleviate the economic woes which resulted from the great depression and ww2

A

cooperative federalism

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20
Q

monies the national government gives to state or local governments for some designated purpose

A

federal grants

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21
Q

when congress was issuing more penalties than incentives to force the states to implement federal programs

A

coercive federalism

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22
Q

the court case that gave congress almost unlimited power over the states

A

Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Authority

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23
Q

when a federal law supersedes or overrides a similar state law

A

preemption

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24
Q

general purpose grants that allow the states to have more jurisdiction in how to use the funds

A

block grants

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25
grants that are given to the states that give congress more control over the states
categorical grants
26
rules that govern the use of money from grants
mandates
27
required that voting registration be available everywhere there was a state department of motor vehicles
motor voter law
28
stated that congress would have to conduct studies to determine the cost of mandates on the states
unfunded mandates reform act
29
a written plan which sets up a form of government and establishes its basic governing principles
constitution
30
serves as a states fundamental law
state constitution
31
the oldest written constitution now in force anywhere in the world
Massachusetts constitution
32
a short introductory statement telling why the constitution was written
preamble
33
provisions listing the basic rights of the people and limiting the powers of government
bill of rights
34
provisions for the three separate branches of state government
description of state government
35
provisions in state constitutions for local subdivisions of state government
description of local government
36
provisions dealing with voting qualifications and elections, the collection of state taxes and appropriation of funds, education, and various other aspects of state government
general provisions
37
provisions dealing with the process by which the constitution may be amended or revised
provisions for change
38
a major change in a state constitution
revision
39
a minor change in a state constitution
amendment
40
the three methods of proposing constitutional amendments used among the states
convention proposal legislative proposal initiative proposal
41
the process whereby citizens may enact their own laws or constitutional amendments by placing them on the ballot for acceptance or rejection by the voters
initiative
42
an election in which the voters of the state approve or reject a proposed amendment
referendum
43
one of the most important functions of state government
law enforcement
44
a governor's official residence
governor's mansion
45
more votes than anyone else
plurality
46
when state legislature removes the governor
impeachment
47
when the voters remove the governor
recall
48
by virtue of office or position
ex officio
49
orders that dictate how a law should be carried out
executive orders
50
the power to veto part of a bill without vetoing the entire bill
item veto
51
powers toward convicted criminals
clemency
52
serves as president of the state senate
lieutenant governor
53
has charge of keeping a wide variety of state records and documents
secretary of state
54
gives legal advise to the governor and other state officials
attorney general
55
guardian of state funds
treasurer
56
sees that state funds are spent properly
auditor
57
officer who oversees the operation of the public school system
superintendent of public instruction/commissioner of education
58
only state with a unicameral legislature
Nebraska
59
court case that decided that federal courts could have jurisdiction in cases involving state apportionment
Baker v. Carr
60
court case that ruled that the apportionment of both the house and senate must be based on population
Reynolds v. Sims
61
voters choose the political party's nominees
direct primary
62
presiding officer of the House
speaker
63
keeps order in the state legislature
sergeant at arms
64
keeps unauthorized people from entering a legislative chamber
doorkeeper
65
runs errands for legislators
page
66
legislative system used by state legislatures
committee system
67
made to keep the legislative houses from being at odds with each other
joint committees
68
most often used type of vote in state legislation
voice vote
69
Vote in which those for and against a measure stand to be counted
standing vote
70
Vote in which legislators file between two tellers to record their vote
teller vote
71
type of vote that is permanently kept on record
roll-call vote
72
when an act of the legislature must be referred to the voters for approval or rejection
mandatory referendum
73
percentage of all court cases in the US that are decided by state courts
90 percent
74
lowest of the state court system
justice of the peace courts
75
the lowest state courts in sparsely populated urban areas
magistrate courts/police courts
76
what magistrate courts and police courts have been replaced with in larger urban areas
municipal courts
77
courts that exist to help people collect small sums of money allegedly due them
special small claims courts
78
known as courts of record because a transcript is made of the trial proceedings/ above the lower state courts
general trial courts
79
preside over trial courts
judges
80
keeps a court's records
court clerks
81
the police officer of a court
bailiff
82
courts of appeals in some states
intermediate appellate courts
83
the top court in a state
state supreme court
84
the highest court to which a case can be appealed (state supreme court)
court of last resort
85
a group of people selected to ascertain the truth on the basis of evidence presented to them
jury
86
aids the judicial process by testifying under oath about what he has seen and heard in regard to a particular case
witness
87
the largest unit of local government
county
88
what counties are known as in Louisiana
parishes
89
what counties are known as in Alaska
boroughs
90
the city in which a county government has its headquarters
county seat
91
the governing body in a county
county board
92
the most common type of county board; consists of 3 to 7 members
board of commissioners
93
county board consisting of 12 to fifty members
board of supervisors
94
provides police protection for rural areas
sheriff
95
appraises taxable property within the county
county assessor
96
receives taxes and fees, acts as the caretaker of county funds, and makes authorized payments from the county treasury
treasurer
97
supervises a county's records and authorizes the spending of county funds
auditor
98
conducts criminal investigations and prosecutes criminals
prosecuting attorney
99
maintains county records and issues various kinds of licenses
clerk
100
investigates the cause of death when someone dies under unknown circumstances
coroner/medical examiner
101
elected chief executive of a county
county president/supervisor
102
most important unit of government in New England
town
103
the unique feature of traditional town government
town meeting
104
elected members of a town, comparable to a county board
selectmen
105
the form of local self-government similar to a town
township
106
municipalities larger than a town
city
107
when a municipality has been designated as a legal governmental organization with certain rights and responsibilities
incorporated
108
when a community has no government of its own and is under the jurisdiction of a county
unincorporated
109
a legal document granted by the state which outlines a form of government for the city
city charter
110
the oldest and most used form of city government
mayor-council form
111
who elects the members of a city council if they are not popularly elected
wards
112
two types of city government other than mayor-council form
commission form council-mayor form
113
dividing a city into numerous zones and regulating the use of property in each zone
zoning
114
types of zoning
residential commercial industrial
115
the developed areas outside city limits
suburbs
116
adding suburban areas
annexing
117
certain regulatory powers outside city limits
extraterritorial powers
118
a major city and the populated area surrounding it
metropolitan area
119
the single most important source of revenue among the states
sales tax
120
tax that applies to the sale of most products
general sales tax
121
tax put on items such as gasoline, tobacco, and alcoholic beverages
selective sales tax
122
a tax that places the greatest burden on those with lower incomes
regressive tax
123
a tax who's rate changes with a person's wealth
progressive tax
124
types of income taxes
individual corporate
125
type of income tax that is uniform
corporate
126
tax levied against a person's inherited share of an estate
inheritance tax
127
tax levied when one gives a large gift of money or property to another person
gift tax
128
chief source of income for local governments
property tax
129
property that includes land, buildings, and improvements on land
real property
130
property that includes personal possessions
Personal property
131
one who determines the value of property for tax purposes
assessor
132
tax for the removal of natural resources such as timber, coal, and oil
severance tax
133
sources of non-tax revenue
fees, lottery, borrowing

American Government (6 decks)

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