Chapters 1 and 2: Basics Flashcards
DETERMINISM
Scientific attitude that all events, including human behavior, are determined by causes external to the will.
EMPIRICISM
Scientific attitude that all knowledge is derived from objective observation of phenomena.
EXPERIMENTATION
Scientific attitude that causal relations are derived from the comparison of some objective measure of a phenomenon under at least two conditions.
PHILOSOPHIC DOUBT
Scientific attitude that continuously questions what is considered fact.
PARSIMONY
Scientific attitude considering simple answers prior to kore complex and abstract ones.
DIMENSIONS OF ABA #1
APPLIED
Practice must be APPLIED, in that it addresses changes in behavior that are important to the individual whose behavior is targeted for change.
DIMENSIONS OF ABA #2
BEHAVIORAL
Must be BEHAVIORAL in that it focuses on observable changes in behavior rather than what is said about behavior.
DIMENSIONS OF ABA #3
ANALYTIC
The practice must be ANALYTIC: it must focus on a clear demonstration of the relation between particular aspects of the environment and changes in behavior.
DIMENSIONS OF ABA #4
TECHNOLOGICAL
ABA is TECHNOLOGICAL, as all procedures are described with such detail that they can be implemented by others with limited training in behavior analysis.
DIMENSIONS OF ABA #5
SYSTEMATIC
ABA is conceptually SYSTEMATIC in that procedures are derived from and conceptually linked to established principles of behavior analysis.
DIMENSIONS OF ABA #6
EFFECTIVE
ABA is EFFECTIVE, as practitioners are expected to seek improvements that have a “practical value.”
DIMENSIONS OF ABA #7
GENERALITY
ABA possesses GENERALITY in that improvements are expected to persist over time and across contexts.
CLASSICAL (OR RESPONDENT) CONDITIONING
When a neutral stimulus (NS) is presented just before an unconditioned stimulus (US) to elicit an unconditioned response (UR). After repeated presentations, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) and the response becomes a conditioned response (CR).
(Pavlov’s bell and salivation)
NEUTRAL STIMULUS (NS)
A stimulus that does not elicit a respondent behavior.
UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS (US)
A stimulus that elicits a respondent behavior without prior conditioning.
UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE (UR)
Respondent behavior elicited by an unconditioned stimulus.
CONDITIONED STIMULUS (CS)
Stimulus that elicits a respondent behavior due to pairing with an unconditioned stimulus.
CONDITIONED RESPONSE (CR)
A respondent behavior elicited by a conditioned stimulus.
RESPONDENT EXTINCTION
Repeated presentation of a conditioned stimulus in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus, resulting in a gradual decrease in the respondent behavior.
OPERANT BEHAVIORS
Those that occur because of a history of consequences: broadly, ACCESS and AVOIDANCE.
THREE-TERM CONTINGENCY
ANTECEDENT-BEHAVIOR-CONSEQUENCE
S-R-S
REINFORCEMENT
When a response, followed immediately and contingently by a stimulus, is strengthened in the future (response occurs longer, more often, or with more intensity).
POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
The contingent presentation of a stimulus.
NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
The contingent and immediate removal of a stimulus.
PUNISHMENT
When a response, followed immediately and contingently by a stimulus, is weakened or occurs less frequently in the future. (A relationship between a stimulus and its effect on future behavior.)
POSITIVE PUNISHMENT
When an aversive stimulus is presented contingent upon the occurrence of a behavior and, as a result, some characteristic of the behavior is weakened in the future.
NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT
The removal of a preferred stimulus contingent on a behavior that also results in a weakening in the future occurrence of that behavior.
DISCRIMINATIVE STIMULUS
A signaling antecedent that comes to control a response because it has been present when the response was reinforced in the past.
STIMULUS CONTROL
Presentation of an antecedent stimulus, then immediate reinforcement of either the naturally occurring response or a prompted response.
FUNCTIONS OF THE ANTECEDENT STIMULUS
- Can signal availability of reinforcers for a particular response.
- Can strengthen or weaken the value of the reinforcer.
MOTIVATING OPERATIONS (MO)
Environmental variables that alter the current frequency of behavior previously reinforced by that particular reinforcer.
ESTABLISHING OPERATIONS
MOs which have an establishing effect on reinforcers, resulting in an evocative effect on behavior.
ABOLISHING OPERATIONS
MOs which serve to abolish stimuli as reinforcers, resulting in an abative effect on behavior.
UNCONDITIONED MOTIVATING OPERATIONS
MOs likely to affect the behavior of most individuals and include food/water deprivation, sleep deprivation, oxygen deprivation, pain/heat/cold.
CONDITIONED MOTIVATING OPERATIONS
MOs that are conditioned across an individual’s lifetime
DISTINGUISHING THE SD FROM THE MO
SD signals that a response will result in a desired outcome (signals availability).
MO increases or decreases a reinforcer value at a particular time.
