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ALS > Chapters 1-4 > Flashcards

Chapters 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four links in the chain of survival?

A
  1. Early recognition and call for help
  2. Early CPR
  3. Early defibrillation
  4. Post resuscitation care
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2
Q

By what percentage does each 1 minute delay to defibrillation reduce chances of survival?

A

10-12%

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3
Q

What are the first 2 mainstems of the ALS algorithm?

A

CPR 30:20
Assess rhythmn

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4
Q

What should be done immediately after a patient becomes unresponsive and is not breathing normally

A

Call resuscitation team/ambulance

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5
Q

What are the shockable rhythms?

A

VF/pulseless VT

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6
Q

What are the non-shockable rhytmns?

A

PEA/asystole

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7
Q

What follows identification of VT/pulseless vt

A

1 shock

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8
Q

What follows the delivery of a shock in the ALS algorithm?

A

Resume CPR for 2 minutes

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9
Q

What are the 4 H’s?

A

Hypoxia
Hypo/hyper-thermia
Hypo/hyper-kalaemia metabolic
Hypovolaemia

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10
Q

What are the 4 T’s?

A

Toxins
Tamponade- cardiac
Tension pneumothorax
Thrombosis-coronary/pulmonary

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11
Q

What should be considered to identify reversible causes?

A

Ultrasound imaging

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12
Q

What changes when an advanced airway is secured?

A

Continuous compressions

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13
Q

When should adrenaline be given?

A

Every 3-5 minutes

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14
Q

When should amiodarone be given?

A

After 3 shocks

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15
Q

What should be used after ROSC?

A

ABCDE approach

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16
Q

What is the aim SpO2 after ROSC?

A

94-98%

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17
Q

What should be performed after ROSC?

A

12 lead ECG

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18
Q

What are the four key non-technical skills?

A
  1. Situational awareness
  2. Decision making
  3. Team working and leadership
  4. Task management
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19
Q

What are the three elements of situational awareness in cardiac arrest?

A

Information gathering (what are the potential causes)
Interpretation (what steps are needed)
Future planning (What are the next steps)

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of a good resus team member?

A
  • competence
  • commitment
  • communicates openly
  • supportive
  • accountable
  • prepared to admit when help is needed
  • creative
  • participates in providing feedback
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21
Q

Who is responsible for completion of documentation after an arrest?

A

The team leader

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22
Q

What are the components of SBARD?

A
  • Situation
  • Background
  • Assessment
  • Recommendation
  • Decision
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23
Q

What should be said in the ‘situation’ section of SBARD?

A
  • Introduce yourself and check you are speaking to the right person
  • Identify the patient you are calling about (who and where)
  • say what you think the current problem is/appears to be
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24
Q

What should be said in the ‘background’ section of SBARD?

A

Background information on the patient.
Reason for admission.
Relevant PMHx.

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25
Q

What should be said in the ‘assessment’ section of SBARD?

A

Specific obs as per ABCDE approach

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26
Q

What should be said in the ‘recommendation’ section of SBARD?

A

What do you want the person you are calling to do and by when?
I am doing this…. I need you to come straight away…

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27
Q

What should be said in the ‘decisions’ section of SBARD?

A

Summarise what has been agreed.
Confirm what has been discussed.

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28
Q

What should be considered when allocating the team leader?

A

Skills and experience over seniority

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29
Q

What percentage of people who have in hospital cardiac arrests survive to go home?

A

24%

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30
Q

What makes a cardiac arrest more survivable?

A
  • witnessed arrest
    -VF/pVT
    -primary cause is myocardial ischaemia
    -successfully defibrillated immediately
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31
Q

What is the most likely arrest rhythm in hypoxia/hypotension?

A

PEA or asystole

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32
Q

What is the chance of survival rate to hospital discharge in a PEA/asystole in hospital cardiac arrest?

A

14%

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33
Q

What are the links in the chain of prevention?

A
  • education
  • monitoring
  • recognition
  • call for help
  • response
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34
Q

What is the frequency of monitoring of a NEWS score of ‘0’?

A

Minimum 12 hourly

35
Q

What is the frequency of monitoring of a NEWS score of ‘1-4’? What else should be done?

A

Minimum 4-6 hourly
- inform a registered nurse who must assess the patient and decide whether increased frequency/escalation is required

36
Q

What is the frequency of monitoring of a NEWS score of ‘>/=3’ in a single parameter? What else should be done?

A

Minimum 1 hourly
Registered nurse should inform the medical team who should review.

37
Q

What is the frequency of monitoring of a NEWS score of ‘5-6’? What else should be done?

A

Minimum 1 hourly
Registered nurse to immediately inform medical team
Registered nurse to request urgent asessment
Clinical care should be provided in an area where monitoring is possible

38
Q

What is the frequency of monitoring of a NEWS score of ‘7 or more’? What else should be done?

A

Continous monitoring
Consider transfer of care to ICU/HDU
Emergency assessment by a team with critical care competencies.

39
Q

What is the MET calling criteria in A?

A

Threatened

40
Q

What is the MET calling criteria in B?

A

All respiratory arrests
Resps <5
Resps >36

41
Q

What is the MET calling criteria in C?

A

All cardiac arrests
HR <40
HR >140
Systolic <90

42
Q

What is the MET calling criteria in D?

A

Sudden decrease in the level of consciousness
GCS drop of > 2
Repeated or prolonged seizures

43
Q

What is the MET calling criteria in E?

A

Any patient causing concern outwith the criteria of ABCD

44
Q

What does partial airway obstruction cause?

A

Pulmonary/cerebral oedema
Exhaustion
Secondary apnoea
Hypoxic brain injury
Cardiac arrest

45
Q

What can cause CNS depression leading to partial airway obstruction?

A

Head injury
Intracerebral disease
Hypercapnia
Depressant effects of metabolic disorders
Drugs- alcohol, opioids, general anaesthetics

46
Q

What can occur with upper airway stimulation in a semi-conscious patient whose airway reflexes remain intact?

A

Laryngospasm

47
Q

What are the causes of airway obstruction?

A

Foreign body
CNS depression
Blood
Vomitus
Direct trauma to face/throat
Epiglottitis
Pharyngeal swelling
Laryngospasm
Bronchospasm
Bronchial secretions
Blocked tracheostomy

48
Q

What treatment should be administered to a patient who is conscious but struggling with their airway?

A

Suck blood/gastric contents from mouth
Unless contraindicated turn patient on their side
Give O2 ASAP

49
Q

What should be assumed in a depressed level of counsciousness

A

Impending airway obstruction

50
Q

What can CNS depression abolish

A

Respiratory drive

51
Q

At which level are intercostal muscles innervated?

A

Their respective levels

52
Q

At which level is the diaphragm innervated?

A

C3-5

53
Q

What conditions can cause inadequate respiratory effort via muscle weakness/nerve damage?

A

GBS
MG
MS
Chronic malnourishment

54
Q

What impairs lung function?

A

Pneumothorax
Haemothorax
Severe lung disease- infection, aspiration, COPD, asthma, PE, contusion, ARDS, pulmonary oedema

55
Q

What does a tension pneumothorax cause

A

Rapid failure of gas exchange
Reduction of venous return to the heart
Fall in cardiac output

56
Q

Once Sp02 can reliably be recorded, aim for a Sp02 in the range of __-__%, or __-__% in hypercapnic respiratory failure

A

Once Sp02 can reliably be recorded, aim for a Sp02 in the range of 94-98%, or 88-92% in hypercapnic respiratory failure

57
Q

What is the treatment for a tension pneumothorax?

A

Early needle decompression and insertion of chest drain

58
Q

What can be used in patients who are having breathing difficulty or are becoming tired?

A

NIV

59
Q

What is the most common cause of circulation problems in acutely unwell patients?

A

Hypovolaemia

60
Q

What is the commonest cause of SCD

A

Arrhythmia caused by ischaemia or MI

61
Q

What are the less common causes of SCD

A
  • alternative forms of heart disease
  • heart block
  • electrocution
  • drugs
  • cardiac failure
  • tamponade
  • cardiac rupture
  • myocarditis
  • HOCM
62
Q

What are the causes of VF

A

ACS
Hypertensive heart disease
Valve disease
Drugs (antiarrhythmic drugs, TCAs, digoxin)
Inherited cardiac diseases (LQTC)
Acidosis
Electrolyte abnormality
Hypothermia
Electrocution

63
Q

What are the causes of secondary circulatory problems

A

Asphyxia
Tension pneumothorax
Acute severe blood loss
Severe hypoxia and anaemia
Hypothermia
Hypovolaemia
Septic shock

64
Q

What features suggest a high probability of arrhythmic syncope?

A
  • syncope in the supine position
  • syncope occurring during or after exercise
  • syncope with no or only brief prodromal symptoms
  • repeated episodes of unexplained syncope
  • syncope in individuals with a FHx of sudden death or inherited cardiac condition
65
Q

In what position will most patients having an MI be more comfortable?

A

Sitting up

66
Q

What is the first step of ABCDE approach?

A

Ensure personal safety

67
Q

How long should the first “look, listen, feel’ last?

A

30 seconds

68
Q

If the patient is breathing with occasional gasps what should you do?

A

Check for a pulse, if not present or there is any doubt of a pulses’ presence start CPR

69
Q

What should be attached to a critically ill patient ASAP

A

pulse oximeter
ECG monitor
NI blood pressure monitor

70
Q

What are the signs of airway obstruction?

A

Paradoxical chest and abdominal movements and the use of accessory muscles of respiration
Central cyanosis (late sign)
No/noisy breath sounds

71
Q

How should you assess breathing?

A

Look listen and feel for signs of resp distress
- sweating, central cyanosis, use of accessory muscles, abdominal breathing

Count the respiratory rate
- Normal is 12-20

Assess the depth of each breath, the pattern or respiration and whether chest expansion is symmetrical

Note any chest deformity
- raised JVP (acute severe asthma, tension pneumothorax)
- presence and patency of any chest drains
Record SpO2

Listen to breathing a short distance from patients face
- rattling suggests airway secretions
- stridor/wheeze suggests partial but significant airway obstruction

Percuss the chest
- hyperresonance may suggest pneumothorax
-dullness may suggest consolidation or fluid

Auscultate the chest
- bronchial breath sounds may suggest consolidation
- absent or reduces sounds may suggest pneumothorax/consolidation/pleural fluid

Check the position of the trachea

Feel the chest wall to detect surgical emphysema/crepitus (pneumothorax until proven otherwise)

72
Q

If the patients depth or rate of breathing is inadequate or absent what should be done?

A

Use bag-mask ventilation while calling for help

73
Q

What should be given to any patient with a fast heart rate and cool peripheries

A

IV fluids

74
Q

How should you assess circulation

A
  1. Colour of hands and digits
  2. Limb temperature
  3. CRT
  4. Assess state of veins
  5. Palpate pulses peripheral and centrally
    (bounding pulse may suggest sepsis)
  6. Measure BP
  7. Auscultate the heart
  8. Look for other signs
    - low urine output, reduces consciousness,
  9. Look for external haemorrhage
  10. Insert one or more large cannulae
  11. Take bloods
75
Q

What does a narrow pulse pressure suggest

A

Arterial vasoconstriction (cardiogenic shock or hypovolaemia)

76
Q

What should the treatment of cardiovascular collapse be targeted at?

A

Fluid replacement, haemorrhage control and restoration of tissue perfusion

77
Q

What fluid should be given in cardiovascular collapse

A

500mL of a warmed crystalloid (Hartmann’s or NaCl over 15min

78
Q

If there are signs of fluid overload in fluid resuscitation, what should be done?

A

Look for alternative means of maintaining tissue perfusion
- inotropes
- vasopressors

79
Q

What does the immediate general treatment for ACS include?

A

Aspirin 300mg orally, crushed or chewed
Nitroglycerine as GTN
O2 if less than 94%
Morphine IV titrated to avoid sedation and resp depression

80
Q

What are the common causes of unconsciousness

A

Hypoxia
Hypercapnia
Cerebral hypoperfusion
Sedatives/analgesics

81
Q

How should you assess disability

A

Review ABCs
Check drug chart
Examine pupils
Rapid AVPU
Blood sugar
Nurse these patients in a lateral position if airway not protected

82
Q

What should the treatment of hypoglycaemia in peri-arrest situation be?

A

Initial dose of 50mL of 10% glucose IV every minute until patient has regained consciousness or total 250mL has been given

83
Q

How should you assess exposure?

A

Expose fully while maintaining dignity and preventing heat loss

ALS (24 decks)

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