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microbiology > Chapters 1 > Flashcards

Chapters 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are microorganisms?

A
  • too small to be seen with naked eye
  • true cellular forms
  • ubiquitous
  • helpful and problematic
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2
Q

Scope and relevance of microorganism-

A
  • 1st living things on planet
  • live everywhere life is possible
  • largest component of earth’s biomass
  • ecosystems depend on their activities
  • contribute 40% of earth’s oxygen
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3
Q

Why study microorganisms?

A
  • recycle vital element
  • bioremediation - remove pollutants
  • agriculture - nat. pesticide from spores
  • biotechnology/ genetic engineering
  • food micro - yeast in beer
  • industrial micro - solvant, adhesives
  • normal microbiota - humans- inhibit pathogen growth
  • disease causings- pathogens >1%
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4
Q

Common ancestor

A 
give rise to 3 domains of life
Two Prokaryotic
 - bacteria and archaea
One Eukaryotic
 - Eukarya
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5
Q

Prokaryoyes

A

Asexual; unicellular, no membrane bound organelles

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6
Q

Type of Prokaryotes

A

Archaea- not known to be human pathogens
- usually found in extreme environments
Bacteria - some pathenogenic
- multiple morphological and physiological
differences from archeae

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7
Q

Eukaryotes

A

unicellular or multicellular; sexual and asexual reproduction; multiple membranous organelles

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8
Q

Types of eukaryotes

A

Plants, animals- Helminths- paracitic worms, have micro lifestage, fungi- yeast, mildew
protists- single celled- algae, protozoa

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9
Q

Algae

A

unicellular or multi; photsynthetic; high morphological diversity; not pathogenic

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10
Q

Fungi

A

uni and multicellular; absorb nutrients from their environments; primarily opportunistic pathogens

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11
Q

Protozoa

A
  • unicellular
  • most are mobile- pseudopods, flagella, cillia
  • absorb nutrients from environment or live as parasites
  • many are pathenogenic
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12
Q

Helminths

A
  • Multi-cellular animals
  • Flatworms and round worms
  • many are pathogenic
  • only some life stages are microscopic
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13
Q

Viruses

A
  • obligatory intracellular parasite
  • no true cellular organization
  • living or non-living??
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14
Q

1 angstrom

A

10^-10 meter

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15
Q

1 micron

A

10^-6 meter

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16
Q

Robert Hooke

A

1665 saw cells through a microscope- cells

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17
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

A

1673 animalcules- made better microscopes and saw living cells

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18
Q

Schleiden and Schwann

A

1838/39 Cell theory recognized some are unicellular and others are multi-cellular

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19
Q

Franscesco Redi

A

1668 Spontaneous Generation performed an experiment that disproved spontaneous generation- jars with meat and fly larvae

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20
Q

Cell Theory

A

All living things are made up of cells

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21
Q

Spontaneous Generation

A

life can arise from non-living matter

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22
Q

John Needham

A

1745- experimented with broth to show that spon. gen. can happen with microorganisms

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23
Q

Lazzaro Spallanzani

A

1765- reproduced Needham’s experiment to show spon. gen. was not possible

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24
Q

Rudolf Virchow

A

1855- biogenesis

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25
Q

Biogenesis

A

living cells can only arise from preexisting living cells

26
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

1861- “Father of Immunology”

   - aseptic techniques
   - swan neck flask
    - fermentation
   - pasteurization
27
Q

Aseptic techniques

A

prevent contamination of unwanted microorganism

28
Q

Pateurization

A

heating beer or wine just enough to kill most of the bacteria that cause spoilage

29
Q

Fermentation

A

yeasts convert sugars to alcohol in the abscence of air

30
Q

sepsis

asepsis

A

contamination

not contaminated

31
Q

Golden Age of Microbiology

A

1874 - 1914

32
Q

Supporters of theories that invisible agents cause disease

A

Ignaz Semmelweis 1840
Joseph Lister 1867
John Tyndall

33
Q

Ignaz Swemmelweis

A

Childbed fever- death after childbirth

34
Q

Joseph Lister

A

Aseptic surgery- blood bacteria- clean surgery, chemical used to sterilize instruments

35
Q

John Tyndall

A

Had same idea as Pasteur- filter air cannot contaminate

36
Q

Disease meant what at this time?

A

Punishment or possession from God

37
Q

Germ Theory of Disease

A

Idea that microorganisms might cause

38
Q

Robert Koch

A

1876 -developed Koch’s Postulates- sequence of steps to relate a specific microb to a specific diease

  • direct contact with microb to get disease
  • anthrax
39
Q

Walther Hesse

A

1882 - discovered agar to solidify- worked in Koch’s lab

40
Q

Edward Jenner

A

1798- discovered a milkmaid who had cowpox cannot get small pox- tested on a boy and was correct- called vaccine

41
Q

immunity

A

protection from disease provided by vaccination/ or by recovery from the disease itself

42
Q

Disease

A

any change in the normal stage of health

43
Q

Luis Pasteur 1880

A

came out with rabies vaccine; tested chickens

44
Q

Vaccine

A

cultures of avirulent microorganisms used for preventative inoculation

45
Q

virulence

A

ability to cause disease

46
Q

Chemotherapy

A

chemical treatment of disease

47
Q

Selective toxicity

A

chemicals that kill pathogens with little to no harm to the host

48
Q

Paul Ehrlich

A
  • speculated a “magic bullet” could hunt down and destroy pathogens with out harming the infected host
  • found salvarsan- treatment for syphilis-arsenic derivative
49
Q

Antibiotics

A

chemicals produced naturally by bacteria or fungi to act against other microorganisms

50
Q

synthetic drugs

A

chemotherapeutic agents prepared from chemicals in the laboratory

51
Q

Alexander Fleming

A

1928- discovered properties of penicillin- active inhibitor of Penicillium chrysogenum
- discovered by accident

52
Q

Penicillin

A

an antibiotic produced by fungus

53
Q

Gerhard Domagk & Ernest Fourneau

A

1935-36 - developed sulfa drugs- treats infectious diseases

54
Q

Selman Waksman

A

1940- Nobel Prize for antibiotic for strep-isolated from Steptomyces

55
Q

Howard Florey & Ernest Chain

A

1940- preformed clinical tests and mass produced penicillin

56
Q

Problems with modern chemotherapeutics

A
  • toxicity
  • resistance
  • lack of adequate anti-viral drugs
  • microbes resistant
57
Q

Infectious disease remains a threat…

A

750 million cases each yr in US

58
Q

Emerging diseases

A

spreading again in different locations

59
Q

Factors associated with emerging diseases

A
  • microbial evolution-changing
  • Changing human behavior/lifestyles-high
  • Complacency of human population- no precautions
  • population expansion/global travel-risk
60
Q

1918-1919

2009

A

50 million people died from Spanish Flu(Swine flu)

18,000 people died

61
Q

Jump Species

A

human can be the host

microbiology (5 decks)

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