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microbiology > Chapter 4 prokaryotes > Flashcards

Chapter 4 prokaryotes Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Prokaryotes grouped based on

A

morphology- shape and size

-genetically determined

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2
Q

Monomorphic

A

one shape

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3
Q

Pleomorphic

A

many shapes- rare

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4
Q

Average pro. size

A
  1. 2-1.0 um x 2-8 um

- ten times smaller then eukary on average

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5
Q

surface area of cell membrane controls….

A

size of cell

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6
Q

Two most common shapes of pros

A

round-coccus

rod- bacillus

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7
Q

Third common shape of pros

A

spiral- has curve

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8
Q

Types of curved spiral cells

A
  • vibrio-comma
  • spirillum- true twist; 1 maybe 2 turns- rigid and un-flexible
  • spirochete- really flexible; super curvy
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9
Q

Uncommon shapes

A

stella- star shaped bacteria- filamentous

haloarcula- rectangular bacteria- flat disks- most are aquatic bacteria-nutrient poor-adaptation for

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10
Q

How do cells form groupings?

A 
cells adhere together after division
form characteristic arrangements
        -depends on plane of division
        -after binary fission; cells remain connected causing        
         clumping
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11
Q

How do pros multiply

A

binary fission

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12
Q

Diplococci

A

2 round cells that divide in a central plane and remain together ex. Neisseria
-gonorrhea; bacterial meningitis

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13
Q

Streptococci

A

chain of round cells that divide in central plane

-ex. Enterococcus

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14
Q

Tetrad

A

4 round cells only in cocci that divide on 2 planes down the center ex. Micrococcus

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15
Q

Sarcinae

A

8 round cells that divide on 2 planes down the center and a third plane horizontally thru the middle ex. Sarcina

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16
Q

Staphylococci

A

large group of cells that divide on random planes causing a non definitive shape

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17
Q

single bacillus

A

one rod ex. Bacillus anthracis

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18
Q

Diplobacilli

A

2 rod shape cells together end to end

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19
Q

streptobacilli

A

chain of rod like cells ex. Bacillus megaterium

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20
Q

Coccobacillius

A

rod/round ex. Bordetella pertussis

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21
Q

Bacillus rarely divide on long plane, if do they go thru…

A

Snap division and look like Chinese letters

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22
Q

Structures found in all bacterial cells are..

A
  • cytoplasm
  • ribosomes
  • plasma membrane
  • nuleoid
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23
Q

Glycocalyx are made..

A

inside cell and excreted to surface

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24
Q

Functions of glycocalyx…

A
  • protection-primary- covering of cell that prevents water loss and phagocytosis
  • attachment-secondary-helps attach to host or environment-most dont reproduce unless attached
  • motility- rare- gliders-sluglike
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25
Q

Glycocalyx can be made of…..

A

polysaccarides, proteins or both

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26
Q

Virulence Factors

A

any bacterial structure or physiological structure that aids in disease ex. glycocalyx, flagella

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27
Q

Capsule

A
  • encloses cell(glycocalyx)
  • chemical composition varies depending on species
  • highly organized and firmly attached
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28
Q

Slime Layer

A
  • disorganized
  • loosely attached
  • filamentous
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29
Q

Prokaryotes move with

A

flagella

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30
Q

Flagella are…

A
  • naked filaments composed of flagellin
  • rotate clockwise/counterclockwise
    • runs and tumbles
    • taxis-move in response of outide stimuli
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31
Q

Bacterial Flagella structure has 3 basic parts…

A
  • filament-long tube like appendage
  • hook- made of protein- encloses base of filament outside cell
  • basal body- single rod through cell wall and membrane with 1 or 2 pairs of rings for anchorage
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32
Q

one flagella at one end of cell

A

polar- Monotrichous

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33
Q

no flagella

A

atrichous-non motile

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34
Q

multiple flagella at one end

A

polar- lophotrichous

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35
Q

flagella all over the surface of a bacteria

A

peritrichous

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36
Q

flagella at both ends

A

polar-amphitrichous-can have more then one at each end

37
Q

Archael flagella

A

bunch of tiny filaments bundled together, much smaller and turns as one piece virulence factor

38
Q

an axial filament is _________ and only occurs in____.

A

uncommon; bacteria

39
Q

axial filaments are

A

bundles of endoflagella that spira- ex. Spirochete bacteria

  • attached at both ends and spirals down body
  • causes a corkscrew motion-filament contract and relax over and over- cell twist and move
40
Q

Fimbriae are

A

in bacteria- short thin filaments of pilin protein for attachment to other cells and surfaces

41
Q

Hami are

A

in archaea- hooked protein filament always present for attachment

42
Q

Conjugation/sex pili are

A

pilin tubules used to attach to other cells to exchange DNA

43
Q

Conjugation

A

the exchange of DNA

44
Q

Cannulae

A

filaments in thermophilic archaea- extreme heat loving

45
Q

Spinae

A

filament that connect cells over distances and creates mesh-like network in marine bacteria

46
Q

Prokaryotic cell wall

A
  • most have
  • protection
  • determines shape of cell
  • protects from osmotic pressure
  • anchor point for flagella
  • contributes to virulence
  • lots of variation
47
Q

sugar found only in bacteria

A

peptidoglycan-PTG-murein

48
Q

archaea never have sugars called

A

peptidoglycan- may have pseudomurein

49
Q

basic structure of peptidoglycan

A

-disaccharide polymer-NAG-N-acetylglucosamin; NAM-
N-acetlymuramic acid
-Glycan chain held together by amino acids
-tetrapeptide chain
Protein crossbridges- may or may not be present
-mostly G+

50
Q

Gram Positive cell wall has

A
  • thick layer of PTG
  • Teichoic acids
    • Lipoteichoic acids-attached to cell membrane
    • Wall teichoic acids- not attached to membrane
  • may have external protein or sugar layer
  • very rigid
  • charged and helps movement
  • determines antigenic specificity
51
Q

Gram Negative cell wall

A
  • little or no PTG- b/w 2 diff.membrane
  • outer lipopolysaccharide membrane(LPS)-controls anti. specificity
    - O-specific polysaccharide side chain
    - Lipid A endotoxin
  • significant periplasmic space- 60% plasma- nutralizing and digesting enzymes-defense mechanism
  • no techoic acids
  • 2nd membrane is made of lipids and sugars-part of cell wall
52
Q

Antigenic specificity

A

stimulates immune system

53
Q

Gram Staining

A

gram pos and gram neg bacteria can be id’d by a gram stain

-PTG holds stain so pos. holds color

54
Q

Gram positive flagella

A

have 2 rings of the basal body in the plasma membrane

55
Q

Gran negative flagella

A

have a ring under the outer membrane, one in the PTG of the cell wall, and two in the inner plasma membrane

56
Q

Gram+’s

A
  • many rigid layers of PTG
  • teichoic acids
  • no outer LPS membrane
  • 2 ring basal body for anchoring flagella
57
Q

Gram -‘s

A
  • little to no PTG
  • no teichoic acids
  • LPS outer membrane
  • 4 ring basal body anchoring flagella
58
Q

Atypical wall of Gram +

A

-Acid-fast cell walls-hold on to stain
-classified as gram positive
- mycolic acid bound to PTG
- Mycobacterium
- Nocardia
-Wall coated with a hydrophobic wax material
- resistant to acid, base, chemicals, heat, cold,
and antibiotics

59
Q

Chlamydia

A
  • classified as Gram neg with no PTG
    • only ones
    • cysteine-rich proteins
    • layer of proteins instead of PTG
60
Q

Mycoplasmas

A
  • have no cell wall
  • smallest free-living bacteria
  • plasma membrane- unique
    • sterols- lipids
    • help protect from lysis(rupture)
61
Q

Acid fast stain is used to id bacteria of the genus

A

Mycobacterium and pathogenic species of Nocardia

62
Q

Cytoplasmic membrane

A
  • delicate thin fluid structure
  • defines boundary
  • serves as a semi-permeable barrier
    • selectively permeable
63
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

how cell membrane is asymbled

64
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer

A

-polar heads - composed of phosphate group and glycerol that are hydrophilic- h2o soluble -non-polar tails composed of fatty acids that are hydrophobic-insoluble

65
Q

Archaea may ______ cell walls or unusual_______ that are made of_________ and _______ but not PTG.

A
  • lack
  • cell walls
  • polysaccarides
  • proteins
66
Q

Amphipathic

A

both ends of bilayer chemically hydrophobic

core- controls what moves in and out

67
Q

Membrane is embedded with numerous____, for things like_____,____, and _____.

A
  • proteins

- receptors,transport, and enzymes

68
Q

Prokaryotes typically dont have membrane____.

Bacteria may have ______.

A
  • sterols
  • Hopanoids- ringlike to stabilize membrane
  • do not use steroids
69
Q

Photosynthetic pigment on in-flodings

A

chromatophores or thylakoids

70
Q

In-foldings of cell membrane are to ______ surface area for ____.

A
  • increase

- photosynthesis

71
Q

Archaea have distinct membranes lipids

A
  • ether linkage
  • 2 diether or 4 tetraether linkages
  • glycerol group enantiomer
  • branched isoprenoid sidechain
  • may form mono-layer with great rigidity
72
Q

Selectively Permeable

A
  • membrane is
  • few molecules pass through freely
  • movement involves active and passive processes
73
Q

Passive processes

A
  • no energy(ATP) required
  • along gradient
  • simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis
74
Q

Simple diffusion

A

the net movement of molecules or ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

75
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

integral membrane proteins function as channels or carriers that facilitate the movement of ions or large molecules across the plasma membrane

76
Q

Osmosis

A

the net movement of solvent molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area with a high concentration of solvent molecules(low concentration of solute molecules) to an area of low solvent molecules(high concentration of solute molecules)

77
Q

Isotonic Solution

A

-no movement of water- equilibrium

78
Q

Hypotonic solution

A
  • water moves into the cell to high conc. of solutes- can cause cells to burst- osmotic lysi
79
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

-water moves outside of cell-high solutes outside cell - causes cytoplasm to shrink

80
Q

Active processes

A

-energy required- active transport

81
Q

Group translocation

A
  • form of active transport that breaks apart molecules before the molecule can enter
  • PEP is in the cell and loses a Phos in order to rephospholate the in coming molecule
82
Q

Internal Structures essential for life

A
  • chromosome

- ribosomes

83
Q

Optional cell structures that may provide selective advantages

A
  • cytoskskeleton
  • plasmid
  • storage granules
  • endospores
84
Q

Primary chromosome

A
  • reside in nucleoid
  • typically single circular chromosomes
  • Archaea-histone proteins
  • Bacteria-condensin proteins
  • Asexual reproduction
    • Binary fission, budding, fragmenting, spores
85
Q

Plasmids

A
  • small DNA molecules
  • replicated independently
  • nonessential information
  • used in genetic engineering biotechnology
86
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • composed of large and small subunits
    • made of riboprotein and ribosomal RNA
  • differ in density from eukaryotic ribosomes
  • 70s ribosomes
87
Q

Inclusions

A
  • metachromatic granules
  • polysaccaride granules
  • lipid inclusions
  • sulfur granules
  • carboxyzomes
  • magnetosomes
  • gas vesicles
88
Q

Endospores

A

“resting cells”

  • highly resistant - heat, desiccation, chemicals, and UV light
  • not for reproduction
89
Q

Formation of endospores thru sporulation/sporogenesis

A
  • begins when a key nutrient ,C,N, becomes scarce
    1. a newly replicated bacterial chromosome and portion of cytoplasm are isolated by an ingrowth of plasma membrane
  • ingrowth becomes a double-layered membrane that surrounds the chromo and plasm
  • thick layers of PTG are put between the two membrane layers
  • spore coat of protein surrounds the outside membrane
  • original cell is degraded and the endospore is released

microbiology (5 decks)

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