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microbiology > Chapter 5 Microbial Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Microbial Metabolism Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Work is

A

making a change in matter

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2
Q

Energy

A
  • Chemical work- making/breaking bonds
  • Transport work- moving across membrane or around cell
  • Mechanical work- turning of flagella
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3
Q

Thermodynamics

A

Study of energy conversions

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4
Q

Laws of Thermodynamics

A

1st-energy can neither be created nor destroyed
- can change form
2nd- entropy- measure of random disorder
- spontaneous reactions favored
- move indirection that increases entropy

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5
Q

2 Fundamental tasks required for growth and reproduction

A
  • Catabolism-decomposition reactions-break into simpler
    • favored by entropy
  • Anabolism- building reactions - simple/small into larger, more complex
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6
Q

Metabolism

A

sum of all chemical reactions in an organism

  • Amazing diversity but also unity
    • Ordered, enzyme-mediated pathways
    • ATP- energy coupling molecule
      - provides power to anobolic from catobolic
    • Redox- reduction and oxidation- moving electrons
    • Highly variable
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7
Q

AB—> A + B reaction

A

deconstruction/catabolic reactions

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8
Q

Catabolic reactions

A
  • hydrolytic(h2o in), exergonic(-deltaG)
    -K(equilibrium constant) eq>1, spontaneous
    -Cellular Respiration
    • provides precursor molecules and energy for anabolic
      rxns
  • (-)deltaG=change in Gibb’s Free Energy(lost)
    -K= >1 = more product
    -K = 1 = eq. amounts of product and reactants
    -reactants have higher energy than products
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9
Q

Anabolic reactions

A
  • Condensation rxns-take h2o out
  • create bonds
  • dehydration synthesis, endergonic(+deltaG)
  • K eq. AB
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10
Q

Precursor Metabolites

A

Amphibiolic rxns

- linkage between catabolic and anabolic rxns

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11
Q

Activation Energy/Energy of Activation

A

-amount of energy initially needed to put in to cause rxn

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12
Q

3 things must have for chemical reactions

A
  • enzymes
  • h2o solution
  • energy
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13
Q

catalysts

A
  • influence reaction time- speed up rxn
    • temperature
    • substrate concentration
    • enzymes- biological catalysts- most commonly used
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14
Q

A catalyst lowers____

A

activation energy

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15
Q

Enzymes

A
  • all protein or holoenzymes( protein and accessory)

- Apoenzyme + Cofactor(coenzyme)

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16
Q

Characteristics of enzymes

A
  • do not make reactions happen that could not happen on their own
  • not permanently altered or used up- recyclable
  • substrate specific(active site) - chemically reactive
  • function is based on structure
  • is not part of product
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17
Q

Enzymes are categorized based on ____

A

what chemical reaction they are a part of

-ends in “ase”

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18
Q

Unconventional Enzymes

A
  • not made of proteins
  • Robozymes- novel type of RNA-cuts other RNA
  • Extremozymes- have molecular applications
    • in extreme organisms
    • adapted to extreme environments
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19
Q

Mechanism of Enzymatic Action

A

Induced fit model

-enzyme “fits” itself around substrate

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20
Q

Factors influencing enzyme activity

A
  • denaturing(unfold,loss of structure,nutralize) stresses
    • heat, pH, UV radiation, chemicals
  • substrate concentration
  • competitive inhibition
  • non-competitive(allosteric) inhibition
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21
Q

Competitive inhibitor

A

-competes with substrate for active site on enzyme

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22
Q

Allosteric site

A

site on enzyme that is not the active site

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23
Q

Non-competitive inhibitor

A

binds to allosteric site causing the substrate of the enzyme to change and not allow for binding at the active site

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24
Q

Feedback ihibition

A

Negative allosteric effection

  • regulates metabolic pathway by stopping first path
  • Isozyme
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25
Q

Reduction- Oxidation Reactions

A
  • Reduction- electron acceptor- recieves energy
  • Oxidatation- electron donor-loses energy
  • redox rxns liberate energy
    • always coupled
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26
Q

Standard reduction potential(E’O)

A

measures likely-hood of redox couple to give up electrons

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27
Q

Reducing Power

A
  • potential energy

- carrying electrons

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28
Q

Common electron carrier

A

NAD and FAD

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29
Q

Electrons moving toward less negative ____ release _____

A

acceptors

free energy

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30
Q

Amount of energy released correlates with _____ of difference in ___

A

magnitude

E’o- oxygen

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31
Q

ATP Synthesis

A

Free energy used to phosphorylate ADP forms of ATP

- metabolic money!

32
Q

Lower E’o value means ___ energy

A

more

33
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation

A
  • chemical energy- move from 1 to the other
  • oxidative phosphorylation- break down of
    • energy from proton motive force
  • photophosphorylation- radiant energy-sun
  • high phosphate group transfers potential
34
Q

Heterotrophic Metabolism

A
  • oxidize energy(electron) rich organic molecules
  • typically utilize carbohydrates
    • Glucose(C6H12O6) is #1 source
    • organic—>ATP(main)
    • increases metabolic efficiency
35
Q

Three possible pathways based on final electron receptor

A

In order of efficiency

    1. aerobic respiration- exogenous(oxygen)-most efficient b/c of O2
    1. anaerobic respiration- exogenous- NO O2
    1. Fermentation- endogenous organic-NO O2
      - 1st step; not complete;least energy yield
  • exogenous- final electron acceptor material
36
Q

Fermentation

A

-glycolosis

37
Q

Anaerobic/aerobic pathways

A
  1. glycolosis
  2. Kreb Cycle
  3. electron transport
    - only difference is final transfer electron
    - anaerobic yields less energy
38
Q

Pathways are Amphibolic and

A

provide

  • energy
  • reducing power
  • precursor metabolites
39
Q

Respiration uses ____ power to generate ___

A

reducing

ATP

40
Q

NADH and FADH2 provide ____ to power ____ motive force

A

electrons
proton
- reducing power

41
Q

Terminal electron acceptor varies

A
  • oxygen- aerobic respiration

- Anaerobic respiration- alternate inorganic molecules

42
Q

The first step in respiration is _____, from this 2 molecules of _____, ______, and _____ are produced _____ in the _____ of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The phosphorous is added through ________. This pathway is name ______.

A
  • glycolysis
  • ATP, NADH, pyruvic acid
  • anaerobically
  • cytoplasm
  • substrate level phosphorylation
  • Embden-Meyerhof Pathway
43
Q

Pentose phosphate pathway

A
  • produces many intermediate materials for other pathways
    • can biosynthesize 6 carbon sugars
  • major contributor to biosynthesis
    • reducing power in NADPH
    • vital precursor metabolites for anabolic pathways
    • intermediates may be used to generate ATP
44
Q

True alternative to glycolysis

A

Entner-Doudoroff pathway

  • typically not seen in gram + bacteria
  • major contributor to biosynthesis
    • reducing power - NADH & NADPH
    • vital precursor metabolites for anabolic pathways
45
Q

The Kreb Cycles’ actual name(TCA)

A

Tricarboxcylic acid cycle

46
Q

The Kreb cycle takes place in the ____ of prokaryotes and in the _____ of eukaryotes. This is an____ respiration. _____ gives up its carbon as ___. ___ total. _______ is regenerated with every turn. This also acts as a pick up molecule for ___. ____ ATP are produced by _______.

A 
cell membrane
mitochondria membrane
anaerobic
Pyruvic acid
CO2
6C
Oxaloacetate
ATP
2
substrate-level phosphoylation
47
Q

TCA cycle occurs ___ per glucose

A

twice

48
Q

Net yield of product per glucose molecule

A
  • 6 CO2
  • 2 ATP
  • 8 NADH = 3 ATP
  • 2 FADH =2 ATP
49
Q

Electron Transport Chain can work _____ or _____ .Electrons move down chain and set up ___ gradient that drives _____.

A

aerobically
anaerobically
H+
chemiosmosis

50
Q

If oxygen is not used, anaerobic, less ____ overall is produced.

A

ATP

51
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation is

A

a series of redox reactions creating a step-wise release of energy

52
Q

Using the Proton Motive Force(PMF) ___synthesis is catalyzed by _____ through a process called _______.

A

ATP
ATP synthase(ATPase)
chemiosmosis

53
Q

The H+ use ____ movement to come back across the gradient.

A

passive

54
Q

Proton flow across gradient is _____. This is a _____ of energy.

A

exerogonic

release

55
Q

By-products of aerobic respiration are ___ and ___

A

H2O

CO2

56
Q

The Proton Motive Force is generated by ______ and ____ gradient.

A

chemical

electrical

57
Q

Substrate-level phosphorylation net gain of ATP

A

2 ATP - glycolysis
2ATP - TCA cycle
4 total

58
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation net gain of ATP

A

6 ATP - NADH Glycolysis
28 ATP - NADH/FADH2 TCA cycle
34 total

59
Q

Anaerobic Respiration is different from aerobic respiration in the final electron acceptor will never be___

A

oxygen

60
Q

Nitrate reduction reduces to

A

nitrite

61
Q

Denitrification is

A

the stripping of nitrogen from ecosystem

and produces an unusable source of nitrogen

62
Q

E. coli uses

A

nitrate reduction

63
Q

Pseudomonas used

A

denitrification

64
Q

Desulfovibrio uses

A

reduces sulfate

65
Q

Archaea use methanogens to reduce____

A

carbonate

66
Q

Electron acceptors other than oxygen are ____ efficient. They have less positive ____ _____ then oxygen and have a _____ yield.

A

less
reduction potentials
lower

67
Q

Fermentation is also known as____. It is done by organisms that can’t _____. This is an _____ method that occurs in the ____.

A

glycolysis
respire
anaerobic
cytoplasm

68
Q

Fermentation produces a net of __ ATP

A

2

69
Q

Partial oxidation of substrate in fermentation

A

NADH is oxidized back to NAD and an organic compund is used as an electron acceptor. usually pyruvate or derivative
Has no oxidative phosphorylation so ATP yield is low

70
Q

When O2 runs out a switch to ____ takes place. This produces ____ acid by ____ being reduced to lactate.___ accepts electron and protons from ___

A

fermentation
pyruvate
pyruvate
NADH

71
Q

Alcohol fermentation process

A

pyruvate decarboxylated to form acetaldehyde

NADH transfers electrons and protons to acetylaldehyde reducing it to ethanol

72
Q

Carbohydrates are the main source of energy in ___ of other organic compounds

A

catabolism - glucose

73
Q

Microbes may also utilize ____ and ___ for energy but must be broken down into their individual _____.

A

lipids
proteins
components

74
Q

Lipases break bonds between_____ and _____. and then feed into different places.

A

fatty acids

glycerol

75
Q

In lipid catabolism fatty acid is converted into _____ that enters the ___ cycle.______is converted into DHAP and enters _____.

A

acetyl CoA
TCA
Glycerol
glycolysis

76
Q

Protein Catabolism uses ____ and ___. These are used to break into pieces and made to fit in pathway.

A

proteases

amino acids

microbiology (5 decks)

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