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microbiology > Chapter 4 Eukaryotes > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Eukaryotes Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Eukaryotes have many unique features that distinguishes them from prokaryotes

A
  • Cilia-hairs-movement, rare
  • Membrane sterols-1 bacteria has
  • Ribosome structure- larger and denser
    • different RNA sequence
  • Membrane bound organelles
    • nucleus
      • multiple
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2
Q

Structures external to cell

A
  • tubulin in 9+2 array with mem. covering
  • Flagella- sperm only
    • larger
    • function in cell motility
    • long in relation to cell size- covered in membrane
    • wave not rotate
  • Cilia
    • shorter, more numerous
    • move cell and propel substances across cell
    • same internal as flagella
    • power and recovery stroke
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3
Q

Glycocalyx in Eukaryotes

A
  • carbohydrate coating in animal cells
  • surrounds and stabilizes plasma membrane
  • active in cell-cell recognition-signaling, communication
  • only in cells with no cell wall
  • extracellular matrix
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4
Q

Animal and protozoa cell walls

A
  • plants, fungi, algae
  • cellulose, chitin,glucan, mannan, silica,calcium carbonate
  • NO PTG
  • Protozoa have no cell wall but some have a pellicle, inorganic material, surrounding the plasma membrane
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5
Q

Eukaryotic Plasma Membrane

A
  • similar in function and structure to prokaryotes
    • phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins
      -addition of carbohydrates and sterols (cholesterols,
      ergosterols)
      -cell signaling
    • cell recognition
    • stability
    • spacers
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6
Q

Membrane protein functions

A
  • transport
  • maintain cell integrity
    • attachment of proteins to internal structures
  • receptors for cell signaling
    • proteins in outer layer
      • receptors typically glycoproteins
  • enzomatic functions
    • stabilization, connections b/w cells
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7
Q

Transport across eukaryotic membrane

A
  • no cell wall
  • passive- simple and facilitated diffusion; osmosis
  • active- active transport,endocytosis, exocytosis
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8
Q

Endocytosis

A
  • bring in material from surrounding environment
    • Pinocytosis- plas mem folds inward- fluid into cell
    • Phagocytosis- engulf particles and bring into cell
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9
Q

Exocytosis

A

-releases contents into external environment

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10
Q

Cytoskeleton

A
  • dynamic network of protein filaments (microtubules,actin filaments, and intermediate filaments)
  • anchor organelles, structural support, shape alteration, movement
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11
Q

Centrosomes

A
  • pair of centrioles and proteins found near the nucleus

- involved in the assembly of microtubules

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12
Q

microtubules - tubulin polymers

A
  • hollow tubes; walls- 13 columns of tubulin molecules
  • protein subunit- tubulin
  • main functions- maintenance of cell shape
    • cell motility
    • chromosome movements in division
    • organelle movements
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13
Q

Microfilaments - actin filaments

A
  • 2 intertwined strands of actin
  • protein subunits- actin
  • main functions-
    • maintenance of cell shape
    • changes in cell shape
    • muscle contractions
    • cytoplasmic streaming
    • cell motility
    • cell division
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14
Q

Cytoplasmic streaming

A

movement of eukaryotic cytoplasm from one part of the cell to another- helps distribute nutrients and move the cell over a surface - expells wastes

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15
Q

Least common filaments in euks

A

intermediate filaments

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16
Q

Membrane-bound organelles

A
  • compartmentalization
  • allows for division of labor
    • nucleus
    • mitochondria and chloroplast
    • endoplasmic reticulum
    • golgi apparatus
    • lysosome and peroxisomes
    • some have double membrane
17
Q

Nucleus

A
  • nuclear envelope - membrane around
    • double membrane with pores
  • nucleolus -sites of RNA synthesis
  • DNA typically in multiple pairs of linear chromosomes
    • associated with histone proteins
18
Q

sexual or asexual reproduction in _____ only

A

eukaryotes- mitosis and meiosis

19
Q

Endoplamic reticulum

A
  • membrane synthesis organelle
  • network of flattened tubules(cisterns) continuous with nuclear membrane
  • rough ER-ribosomes present
    • site of protein synthesis
  • smooth ER - no ribosomes
    • site of lipid/fat synthesis
20
Q

Ribosomes

A

-protein synthesis
- Eukary- 80s
-larger 60s and small 40s sub units
- membrane-bound; attached to ER and nuclear
membrane
- free in cytoplasm
-Pors- 70s
-in chloroplasts and mitochondria-contain own
ribosomes

21
Q

Golgi Body

A
  • complex apparatus
  • curved cisterns
  • not continuous
  • modifies, packages,and secretes products of ER
  • produces lysosomes and vacuoles
    • receives, ID’s and processes them
22
Q

made by the golgi

A

lysosomes, peroxisomes, vacuoles

23
Q

Lysosomes are

A
  • Formed in the Golgi
  • membrane enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
    • non specific- garbage disposal
24
Q

apoptosis

A
  • programmed cell death

- by golgi

25
Q

peroxisomes are

A
  • bag of enzymes
  • oxidation of fatty acids; destroys water- specific actions
  • formed by dividing perosiomes
    • split in 1/2 to make more
26
Q

Vacuoles are

A
  • derived from golgi
  • store nutrients
    • Primary purpose
  • sequester harmful substances
27
Q

Vacuole contents are determined by

A

cell type

  • plant - 1 large with water
  • animal - smaller- energy reserves, sugar
28
Q

Contractile Vacuoles are

A

single cell in fresh water

- holds water until full then pushes water out

29
Q

Endomembrane System

A

Network of internal membranes involved in synthesis or storage

  • ER
  • cell membrane
  • Golgi
30
Q

Mitochondria are

A
  • double membrane
    -inner membrane is folded into cristae
  • site of cellular respiration; ATP production
  • 70s ribosomes and circular DNA; divide independently
    of cell
    -self replicating
    -binary fission
31
Q

No animal can make _____, instead animals process ____.

A

energy

energy

32
Q

Mitochondria are similar to _____, in that they have the same size ______ and same type of _______ DNA. They also replicate using _____ which is the same as well.

A

prokaryotes
ribosomes
circular
binary fission

33
Q

Plastids are

A
  • for synthesizing and storage
  • 2 compartment sugars
  • chloroplasts for photosynthesis
  • found in algae and green plants
  • contain chlorophyll pigment in the coin-like thylakoids
  • have stacked thylakoids-grana
  • 70s ribosomes and circular DNA; divide independently of cell
34
Q

Where do prokaryotes carry out photosynthesis?

A

Cell membrane

35
Q

Endosymbiotic Theory

A

Evolution from prokaryotes to eukaryotes

  • a pro engulfed another pro and over time became dependent upon each other
  • proof - inside the cell the mitochondria and plastids have same size ribosomes and same circular DNA
36
Q

Sugars are broken in the mitochondria and then used for

A
  • ATP to do work

- moving material back and forth across the membrane

microbiology (5 decks)

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