Chapters 1-3

Question 1

homeostenosis

Answer 1

decreased ability to maintain homeostasis under stress

Question 2

4 major types of biomolecules

Answer 2

carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleotides

Question 3

3 major body cavities

Answer 3

cranial thoracic abdominopelvic

Question 4

TBW

Answer 4

women= .5x body weight men= .6x body weight ICF volume = 2/3 TBW ECF volume = 1/3 TBW interstitial fluid = 3/4 ECF plasma fluid = 1/4 ECF

Question 5

3 main types of lipids

Answer 5

phospholipids sphingolipids cholesterol

Question 6

MICELLES

Answer 6

small droplets consisting of single layer of phospholipids arranged so interior is filled with hydrophobic fatty acid tails; important in digestion

Question 7

LIPOSOMES

Answer 7

larger spheres with bilayer phospholipid membrane, hollow core that can be filled with aqueous solution (?drug delivery thru skin)

Question 8

integral proteins

Answer 8

only way they can be removed is by disrupting the membrane; include some enzymes and structural proteins; trans-membrane and lipid-anchored

Question 9

peripheral proteins

Answer 9

attach via noncovalent bonds; can be separated by chemical methods that do not disrupt the membrane. Includes some enzymes & structural binding proteins that anchor the cytoskeleton.

Question 10

transmembrane proteins

Answer 10

are also called membrane-spanning proteins When a protein traverses the membrane more than once, loops of the AA chain protrude into the cytoplasm and the extracellular spaces

Question 11

Lipid anchored proteins

Answer 11

covalently bound to lipid tails inserted into the bilayer GPI (glycosphosphatidylinositol) anchor

Question 12

cell membrane glycocalyx

Answer 12

Most membrane carbohydrates are sugars attached to proteins or lipids Found exclusively o the surface of the cell where they form a glycocalyx Play a role in immune response Cell-cell commnication and signal transduction Viral receptors ABO blood groups (bases on number and composition of sugars attached to sphingolipids)

Question 13

4 primary tissue types

Answer 13

Epithelium Connective tissue Muscle Neural

Question 14

Extracellular matrix

Answer 14

ECM Extracellular material that is synthesized and secreted by a cell of a tissue 2 basic components: Proteoglycans proteins covalently bound to polysaccharide Insoluble protein fibers collagen, fibronectin, laminin

Question 15

Cadherins

Answer 15

calcium dependent; cell-cell junctions such as desmosomes

Question 16

Integrins

Answer 16

cell-matrix junctions; have a role in cell signaling

Question 17

immunglobulin superfamily CAM

Answer 17

NCAM’s (nerve CAM’s); responsible for nerve growth during development

Question 18

Selectins

Answer 18

temporary cell-cell adhesions

Question 19

Gap junctions

Answer 19

rapid cell-cell communication connexins open and close to regulate transport of ions and small molecules Allow chemical and electrical signals to pass from cell to cell rapidly Once thought to be only in muscle and nerve cells, found in: liver, pancreas, ovary and thyroid

Question 20

occluding tight junctions

Answer 20

restrict the movement of material between cells Adjacent cell membranes partially fuse via specialized proteins (claudins, occludins) Examples: blood brain barrier kidney and GI tract

Question 21

anchoring junctions

Answer 21

Attach cells to each other or to matrix Cadherins (cell-cell) Integrins (cell matrix) Also involved in cell-signaling

Question 22

Fluid filled compartments

Answer 22

Cardiovascular system (heart and blood vessels) CSF (brain and spinal cord) Eyes (aqueous and vitreous humors) Pericardial and pleural sac

Question 23

lumen

Answer 23

The interior of any hollow organ for some organs, the lumen can be an extension of the external environment

Question 24

body compartments are divided by

Answer 24

the cell membrane

Question 25

functions of the cell membrane

Answer 25

1. physical barrier 2. regulates exchange with the environment 3. communication between cell & environment 4. structural support

Question 26

the cell membrane is lipid and protein

Answer 26

the more metabolically active the cell is, it generally has more protein

Question 27

Fluid mosaic model

Answer 27

Question 28

protein synthesis

Answer 28

Question 29

translation

Answer 29