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Pathophysiology > Chapter9 > Flashcards

Chapter9 Flashcards

1
Q

affective behaviors

A

related to feeling and emotion

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2
Q

cognitive behaviors

A

related to thinking

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3
Q

Grey matter

A
  • Unmyelinated nerve cell bodies.
  • Dendrites
  • Axon terminals
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4
Q

Cell bodies in the CNS

A

nuclei

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5
Q

White matter

A
  • myelenated axons

- contains few cell bodies

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6
Q

Axon bundles connecting CNS regions are:

A

tracts

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7
Q

Ventricles of the brain

A

1 and 2 are lateral

3 and 4 descend down the brain, eventually connecting to the center tube with the spinal cord

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8
Q

Villi

A

CSF reabsorption into the blood takes place at the arachnoid membrane

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9
Q

Choroid plexus

A

transports ions and nutrients from the blood into the CSF

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10
Q

Aqueduct of sylvius

A

the narrow passageway between the 3rd and 4th ventricles.

Beware of aqueduct stenosis

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11
Q

Astrocyte foot processes

A

hook onto the capillaries in the brain, and work to hold them there, and secrete paracrines, which promote junction formation

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12
Q

Neural tissue O2 consumption

A

oxygen can easily cross the BBB

The brain receives 15% of blood pumped from the heart

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13
Q

Neural tissue glucose consumption

A

Brain responsible for half of bodies glucose consumption–> severe hypoglycemia leads to confusion

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14
Q

Brain stem

A

Components:

  • Midbrain
  • Pons
  • Medulla Oblongata

Also, 11/12 CN originate here

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15
Q

Midbrain

A

eye movement

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16
Q

Pons

A
  • relay station between the cerebrum and cerebellum

- coordination of breathing

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17
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

controls involuntary functions

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18
Q

reticular formation

A

another function of the brainstem.

  • arousal
  • sleep
  • muscle tone
  • pain modulation
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19
Q

CN mneumonic

A 
Only- Olfactory
Optimistic- Optic
Octopus-Oculomotor
Tentacles-Trochlear
Try- Trigeminal
And-Abducens
Feel-Facial
Very- Vestibulocochlear
Good-Glossopharyngeal
Vaginally-Vagus
Accessible-Accessory
Hymens-Hypoglosseal
(Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Bad Business Marry Money)
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20
Q

CN I

A

(OnLY)
OLfactorY nerve
Smell info from the nose
Sensory

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21
Q

CN II

A

(OPTimistIC)
Optic
Visual info from the eyes
Sensory

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22
Q

CN III

A 
(Octopus)
Oculomotor
Eye movement, lens shape, pupil constriction
Motor
(Eye open)
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23
Q

CN IV

A

(tentacles)
Trochlear
Eye movement
Motor

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24
Q

CN V

A 
(Try)
Trigeminal
Sensory info from face and mouth
Motor signals for chewing
Both
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25
Q

CN VI

A

(And)
Abducens
Eye movement
Motor

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26
Q

CN VII

A 
(Feel)
Facial
Sensory taste info
Motor for tear and salivary glands and facial expression
Both
(Eye closed)
27
Q

CN VIII

A

(Very)
Vestibulocochlear
Hearing and Equillibrium
Sensory

28
Q

CN IX

A 
(Good)
Glossopharyngeal
Sensory from oral cavity, baro and chemoreceptors in blood vessels
Motor for swallowing and salivary glands
Both
29
Q

CN X

A

(Vaginally)
Vagus
Sensory and motor to lots of organs, muscles and glands
Both

30
Q

CN XI

A

(Accessible)
Accessory
Muscles of oral cavity, neck and shoulder
Motor

31
Q

CN XII

A

(Hymens)
Hypoglossal
Tongue muscles
Motor

32
Q

Diencephalon

A 
lies between the brainstem and cerebrum. 
Consists of: 
-Thalmus
-Hypothalmus
-pineal gland
-pituitary gland
33
Q

Limbic System

A
  • Amygdala
  • Hippocampus
  • Cingulate Gyrus

It is part of the crey matter of the Cerebrum

34
Q

Cingulate Gyrus

35
Q

Hippocampus

A

Learning and Memory (HelpHippo!)

36
Q

Amygdala

A

Emotion and memory

37
Q

Cerebral cortex

A
  1. Sensory areas
  2. Motor areas
  3. Association areas
38
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

coordinates info from other association areas
controls some behaviors
Is the primary motor cortex

39
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

The primary sensory cortex

Sensory info from skin, muscuoloskeletal system, viscera and taste buds

40
Q

Occipital lobe

A

visual cortex and visual association area

41
Q

Temporal lobe

A

auditory cortex and auditory association area

42
Q

CN III nerve palsy

A

person cannot close their eye

43
Q

CN VII nerve palsy

A 
Bells palsey
Cannot close L eye
Asymmetric smile
Defect in R CN VII
Hyperacussis: increased sensitivity to sound in L ear
44
Q

CN XII nerve palsy

A

right side, tongue would deviate the the right

45
Q

noradrenergic

A

NE
Functions in attention, arousal, sleep-wake, learning, memory, anxiety, pain and mood
Neurons originate in the pons and terminate at the cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, olfactory bulb, cerebellum, midbrain and spioal cord.

46
Q

serotonergic lower nuclei

A

Serotonin
Function in pain and locomotion
Neurons originate in brainstem and terminate in spinal cord

47
Q

Serotonergic upper nuclei

A

Serotonin
Function in sleep wake cycle, mood and other emotional behaviors
Neurons originate in brainstem and terminate in other areas of brain

48
Q

Dopaminergic

A

Dopamine
Functions in motor control and “reward” centers (addiction)
Neurons originate in brainstem and terminate in cortex and other parts of limbic system

49
Q

Cholinergic

A

acetylcholine
Functions in sleep wake cycles, arousal, learning, memory, sensory info.
Neurons originate in cerebrum, pons and midbrain and terminate in cerebrum, hippocampus and thalamus.

50
Q

The deepest sleep occurs…

A

during the first three hours

51
Q

Sleep

A

has 4 stages and 2 major phases

relies on natural circadian rhythm in body

52
Q

Slow wave sleep

A

Adjusts body without conscious commands

53
Q

REM sleep

A

Brain activity inhibits motor neurons to skeletal muscle, paralyzing them.
Dreaming takes place.

54
Q

Motivation

A
  • internal signals that shape voluntary behaviors
  • Drives
  • works with autonomic and endocrine responses
  • Motivated behaviors stop when a person has reached a certain level of satiety
55
Q

Moods

A

similar to emotions, but longer lasting. There are mood disorders, such as depression, which affect over 4M people world wide.

56
Q

Learning

A

Associative and Nonassociative learning (non associative is habituation and sensitization)

57
Q

Memory

A

There is short term and long term (working memory and consolidation of memories), and there is also reflexive and declarative, which are both subsets of long term
Memories are stored in memory traces

58
Q

Antrograde amnesia

A

is inability to remember new information

59
Q

Reflexive long term memory

A

Implicit memory.
recall is automatic and does not require conscious though. These memories take a long time to acquire.
-motor skills
-rules and procedures

60
Q

Declarative long term memory

A

Explicit memory.
recall requires conscious attention. These memories come through with extensive thinking, problem solving and comparison. These memories can be reported verbally.

61
Q

Language

A

involves Wernickes and Brocas associative areas in the brain

62
Q

Damage to wernickes area

A

Receptive aphasia

unable to understand language in its written or spoken form, but can speak normally

63
Q

Damage to brocas area

A

expressive aphasia

loss of the ability to produce language (spoken or written), but can understand language

Pathophysiology (8 decks)

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