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Pathophysiology > Chapter 6-7 > Flashcards

Chapter 6-7 Flashcards

1
Q

hormones act on their target cells by

A
  1. controlling rates of enzymatic runs 2. controlling transport of ions/molecules across membranes 3. controlling gene expression –> protein synthesis
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2
Q

endocrine system acts __ than the nervous system

A

WAY SLOWER

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3
Q

Arnold Berthold

A

rooster castration experiment, demonstrated that the testes secreted something in the blood that affected male development

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4
Q

Charles Brown-Sèquard

A

injected ground up bull testicle into his blood to “reinvigorate his manhood” probably a placebo effect, but paved way for organotherapy

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5
Q

immune system “hormones”

A

cytokines

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6
Q

nervous system “hormones”

A

neurohormones

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7
Q

not all hormones are secreted into the blood

A

ectohormones are secreted in the external environment Pheremones are a prime example of this

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8
Q

traditionally it is thought that hormones are transported to a distant target, but….

A

growth factors are secreted and act more locally there are autocrine and paracrine factors

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9
Q

eicosanoids

A

lipid derived signaling molecules

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10
Q

hormones exert their effect at very low concentrations

A

nM and pM concentrations but some are at way higher concentrations- histamine

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11
Q

Hormones act by

A

binding to receptors = cellular mechanism of action

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12
Q

Insulin in the muscle and adipose tissue

A

alters glucose in transport proteins and exzymes for glucose metabolism

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13
Q

insulin in the liver

A

modulates enzyme activity, no effect on glucose metabolism

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14
Q

insulin in the brain

A

glucose metabolism is independent of insulin

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15
Q

body will terminate hormone effect by

A

limiting secretion removing or inactivating secreted hormone terminating activity in target cells

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16
Q

in the bloodstream, hormones are degraded by

A

liver and kidney enzymes, excreted in bile or urine

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17
Q

hormone half life ___ if bound to protein

A

increases

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18
Q

enzymatic degradation of hormones bound to receptor can occur

A

at the membrane or in lysosomes

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19
Q

peptide/protein hormones

A

composed of linked amino acids

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20
Q

steroid hormones

A

all derived from cholesterol

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21
Q

amino acid-derived hormones (amine)

A

modifications of either tryptophan or tyrosine

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22
Q

most hormones are __ or __

A

proteins or peptides

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23
Q

Preprohormone (inactive

A

peptide hormone plus signal sequence that directs the protein into the RER

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24
Q

Prohormone (inactive)

A

Signal sequence cleaved, enzymatic activity in secretory vesicles cleaves prohormone into active hormone + peptide fragments

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25
Q

Active hormone + fragments (active)

A

Secretory vesicles released into extracellular space

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26
Q

Clinicians measure ___ to monitor pancreatic insulin production

A

C peptide

proinsulin is processed to insulin and cleaves off C-peptide. if you have a measure of C-peptide, you know how much active insulin is in the blood.

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27
Q

Peptide hormone properties

A

water soluble dissolve easily in ECF usually have short half life for continued response must be continually secreted

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28
Q

peptide hormone mechanism of action

A

lipophobic, so they are unable to enter a target cell they use receptors and signal transduction many work through cAMP second messenger system some have tyrosine kinase activity, like insulin usually elicit a rapid response

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29
Q

Steroid hormone properties

A

made in smooth ER diffuse easily across membranes because are lipophilic synthesized as needed, not stored for later use produced only in adrenal cortex, gonads, skin, , placenta

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30
Q

steroid hormones in the blood

A

not soluble in plasma most bound to carrier molecules protects from degradation–> longer half life, but also blocks from entry into cell tiny amounts can have a large effect

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31
Q

dissociation constant

A

[P] [L]/ [PL] P= protein L=ligand the ratio of bound to unbound hormone stays relatively constant

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32
Q

Steroid hormone action

A

ultimate destination is the nucleus.

act as transcription factors, not a rapid onset (genomic effect)

act as signal transducers, more rapid effect (nongenomic effect)

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33
Q

Melatonin

A

made from tryptophan originates in pineal gland circadian rhythm

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34
Q

Catecholamines and thyroid hormone

A

made from tyrosine

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35
Q

Catecholamines as a group

A

act like neuro-hormones that bind to cell membranes like peptide homrones

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36
Q

Thyroid hormones as a group

A

behave more like steroid hormones with intracellular receptors

37
Q

Simple reflex pathway

A

Stimulus Sensor (endocrine cell) input signal integration of signal (endocrine cell) output signal (hormone) targets response (usually negative feedback)

38
Q

simple endocrine reflex, PTH

A
39
Q

2 endocrine structures are incorporated into the anatomy of the brain

A

pineal gland and pituitary gland NS and endocrine system are intertwined

40
Q

catecholamines

A

a neurohormone made by modified neurons in the adrenal medulla

41
Q

posterior pituitary

A

Oxytocin ADH secretes hormones made in the hypothalamus hormones stored in axon terminals until a signal is received

“neurohypophysis”

42
Q

Oxytocin

A

secreted by posterior pituitary affects uterine muscles and mammary glands

43
Q

ADH

A

secreted by posterior pituitary acts on kidney tubules

44
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

“adenohypophysis” TRUE endocrine gland derived from embryonic tissue that formed the roof of the mouth

Secretes: TSH ACTH FSH LH GH PRL Endorphins

45
Q

TSH

A

secreted by ant. pit acts on thyroid

46
Q

ACTH

A

secreted by ant. pit acts on adrenal cortex

47
Q

FSH

A

secreted by ant pit acts on testes or ovaries

48
Q

LH

A

secreted by ant pit acts on testes or ovaries

49
Q

GH

A

secreted by ant pit acts on entire body

50
Q

PRL

A

secreted by ant pit acts on mammary glands

51
Q

endorphins

A

secreted by ant pit act on pain receptors in the brain

52
Q

Feedback loops in the hypothalamic-pituitary pathway

A

Three integrating centers: -hypothalamus -anterior pituitary -endocrine target of the hormone feedback signal are the hormones themselves

53
Q

two different kinds of negative feedback

A

long loop and short loop short loop: prolactin, growth hormone, acth short- communication bw anterior pituitary and hypothalamus

54
Q

synergism

A

frequently 2 or more hormones interact at their targets in a way that is more than additive

55
Q

permissive homrone

A

allows another hormone to exert its full effect eg. thyroid hormone is permissive for reproductive system development Reproductive hormone w/o thyroid hormone= delayed development of repro. system

56
Q

antagonistic hormones

A

have opposing effects usually when molecules compete for a receptor When one molecule binds the receptor but does not activate it = competitive inhibitor to the other molecule Functional antagonists if have opposing physiologic actions

57
Q

hypersecretion

A

Exaggerates hormone’s effect cause: benign tumor cancerous tumor exogenous hormone, which can lead to atrophy of the endocrine gland that naturally produces the hormone

58
Q

hyposecretion

A

Will see symptoms of hormone deficiency

Can occur anywhere along the pathway

Most common cause is atrophy of the gland due to disease

59
Q

pineal gland

A

secretes melatonin to brain and other tissues to regulate circadian rhythm, immune function and acts as an antioxidant

60
Q

hypothalamus

A

secretes tropic hormones to the anterior pituitary to release or inhibit pituitary hormones

61
Q

posterior pituitary gland

A

secretes oxytocin and vasopressin to the breast and uterus and to the kidney to control milk ejection, L&D and to regulate water absorption

62
Q

anterior pituitary

A

secretes prolactin, GH, ACTH, TSH, FSH and LH. has several primary targets and several functions

63
Q

thyroid gland

A

secretes triiodothronine and thyroxine to many tissues to control matabolism, growth and development. secretes calcitonin to bone to regulate plasma calcium levels

64
Q

parathyroid gland

A

secretes parathyroid hormone to the bones and kidneys to regulate blood calcium concentration and phosphate levels

65
Q

thymus gland

A

secretes thymosin and thymopoietin to the lymphocytes to regulate lymphocyte development

66
Q

heart

A

secretes atrial natriuretic peptide to the kidneys to increase Na+ excretion

67
Q

liver

A

secretes angiotensinogen to the adrenal cortex and blood vessels to regulate aldosterone secretion and increase bp secretes insulin like growth factors to many tissues for growth

68
Q

stomach and small intestine

A

secrete gastrin, secretin and others to the GI tract and pancreas to assist in digestion and absorption of nutrients

69
Q

pancreas

A

secretes insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic peptide to many tissues to regulate metabolism of glucose and other nutrients

70
Q

adrenal cortex

A

secretes aldosterone to the kiddy for Na and K homeostasis secretes cortisol to many tissues to respond to stress secretes androgens to many tissues to regulate female sex drive

71
Q

adrenal medulla

A

secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine to many tissues to regulate the fight or flight response

72
Q

kidney

A

secretes erythropoeitin to bone marrow to regulate RBC production secretes calciferol to the intestine to increase calcium absorbtion

73
Q

male testes

A

secrete androgens to many tissues to regulate sperm production and secondary sex characteristics secretes inhibin to the anterior pituitary to inhibit FSH secretion

74
Q

female ovaries

A

secretes estrogen and progesterone to regulate egg production and secondary sex characteristics secretes inhibin to the anterior pituitary to inhibit FSH secretion

75
Q

adipose tissue

A

secretes leptin, adiponectin and resistin to te hypothalamus to regulate food intake, metabolism and reproduction

76
Q

most hormones are proteins or peptides

A

Preprohormone (inactive)

•peptide hormone plus signal sequence that directs the protein into the RER

Prohormone (inactive)

•Signal sequence cleaved, enzymatic activity in secretory vesicles cleaves prohormone into active hormone + peptide fragments

Active hormone + fragments (active)

•Secretory vesicles released into extracellular space

77
Q

hypothalamus has direct control of __ by the nervous system

A

adrenal gland

78
Q

hypothalamus has indirect control of tissues by the release of hormones to

A

the anterior lobe of the pituitary

79
Q

anterior lobe of pituitary releases :

ACTH

TSH

GH

PRL

FSH

LH

A
80
Q

hypothalamus has a direct release of hormones to ___

A

the posterior lobe of the pituitary

releases ADH and oxytocin

81
Q

amine hormones/amino acid hormones

A

made from either tryptophan or trosine

82
Q

insulin simple reflex pathway

A
83
Q

anterior pituitary portal system

A

Portal system collects and concentrates hormones in anterior pit region and then are released to have a greater effect

Helps prevent them from being diluted or diverted away before the body can use them

Other portal systems are in the GI tract

84
Q

anterior pituitary hormones control

A

growth, metabolism and reproduction

85
Q

PRL and GH

A

only anterior pituitary hormones that have inhibitory proteins acting against them

86
Q

Feedback loops in the hypothalamic-pituitary pathway

A

Three integrating centers:
–hypothalamus
–anterior pituitary
–endocrine target of the hormone

these feedback loops are complex and the feedback signals are the hormones themselves

87
Q

control pathway for cortisol secretion

A
88
Q

cortisol hypersecretion

A
89
Q

trophic hormones can help to iosolate the location of the pathology

A

tertiary hypersectretion of cortisol happens in the hypothalamus (the sensor, the endocrine cell), have increased CRH

secondary hypersecretion of cortisol happens in the anterior pituitary (the integration center, the endocrine cell) , have increased ACTH

primary hypersecretion of cortisol happensin the adrenal cortex (the target), have increased cortisol.

This applies for substances other than cortisol.

Pathophysiology (8 decks)

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