Chapters 1-10 Flashcards

Question

Joseph Niepce

Answer 1

a French inventor, most noted as one of the inventors of photography[2] and a pioneer in the field. He developed heliography, a technique used to produce the world's oldest surviving photograph in 1825. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/View_from_the_Window_at_Le_Gras%2C_Joseph_Nicéphore_Niépce.jpg

Answer 2

William Morris' first typesetting enterprise.

Answer 3

Louis Prang (1824–1909), a German immigrant to America whose work and influence were international. After mastering the complexities of his father’s fabric-printing business, twenty-six-year-old Prang arrived in America in 1850 and settled in Boston. His knowledge of printing chemistry, color, business management, designing, engraving, and printing itself was of great value when he formed a chromolithography firm with Julius Mayer in 1856. Meggs, Philip B.; Purvis, Alston W. (2011-11-02). Meggs' History of Graphic Design (Kindle Locations 3929-3932). Wiley. Kindle Edition.

Answer 4

In typography, Modern is a style of typeface developed in the late 18th century that continued through much of the 19th century. Characterized by high contrast between thick and thin strokes and flat, hairline serifs, Modern fonts are harder to read than previous and later typestyles developed for text. Characteristics 1. High and abrupt contrast between thick and thin strokes; 2. Abrupt (unbracketed) hairline (thin) serifs 3. Vertical axis 4. Horizontal stress 5. Small aperture

Answer 5

Liber Chronicarum (Nuremberg Chronicle) by Dr. Hartmann Schedel is an ambitious history of the world from the biblical dawn of creation until 1493 (Figs. 6-11 and 6-12). One of the masterpieces of incunabula-period graphic design, the Nuremberg Chronicle has 1,809 woodcut illustrations in its complex, carefully designed 47.5 by 32.6 centimeter (18 by 12 inch) pages. Meggs, Philip B.; Purvis, Alston W. (2011-11-02). Meggs' History of Graphic Design (Kindle Locations 2222-2226). Wiley. Kindle Edition.

Answer 6

Creator of the Linotype Machine

Answer 7

Parchment, a writing surface made from the skins of domestic animals—particularly calves, sheep, and goats—was invented to overcome the embargo. These refined leather sheets are made by first washing the skin and removing all hair or wool. Then the skin is stretched tightly on a frame and scraped to remove all traces of hair and flesh. After being whitened with chalk, it is smoothed with pumice. Larger, smoother, and more durable and flexible than papyrus sheets, parchment became very popular as a writing surface. Vellum, the finest parchment, is made from the smooth skins of newborn and unborn calves. Meggs, Philip B.; Purvis, Alston W. (2011-11-02). Meggs' History of Graphic Design (Kindle Locations 912-917). Wiley. Kindle Edition.

Answer 8

pictographs—elementary pictures or sketches that represent the things depicted. Meggs, Philip B.; Purvis, Alston W. (2011-11-02). Meggs' History of Graphic Design (Kindle Locations 283-284). Wiley. Kindle Edition.

Answer 9

Relief printing is a printmaking process where protruding surface faces of the printing plate or block are inked; recessed areas are ink free. Printing the image is therefore a relatively simple matter of inking the face of the matrix and bringing it in firm contact with the paper. A printing-press may not be needed as the back of the paper can be rubbed or pressed by hand with a simple tool such as a brayer or roller.

Answer 10

This Romain du Roi, as the new typeface was called, had increased contrast between thick and thin strokes, sharp horizontal serifs, and an even balance to each letterform. The master alphabets were engraved as large copperplate prints (Figs. 8-1 and 8-2) by Louis Simonneau (1654–1727). Meggs, Philip B.; Purvis, Alston W. (2011-11-02). Meggs' History of Graphic Design (Kindle Locations 3058-3061). Wiley. Kindle Edition.

Answer 11

The Rosetta Stone is an ancient Egyptian granodiorite stele inscribed with a decree issued at Memphis in 196 BC on behalf of King Ptolemy V. The decree appears in three scripts: the upper text is Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, the middle portion Demotic script, and the lowest Ancient Greek. Because it presents essentially the same text in all three scripts (with some minor differences among them), it provided the key to the modern understanding of Egyptian hieroglyphs.

Answer 12

The third major typographic innovation of the early 1800s, sans-serif type, made its modest debut in an 1816 specimen book issued by William Caslon IV (Fig. 9-17). Buried among the decorative display fonts of capitals in the back of the book, one line of medium-weight serifless capitals proclaimed “W CASLON JUNR LETTER FOUNDER.” It closely resembled an Egyptian face with the serifs removed, which is probably how Caslon IV designed it. Meggs, Philip B.; Purvis, Alston W. (2011-11-02). Meggs' History of Graphic Design (Kindle Locations 3550-3554). Wiley. Kindle Edition.

Answer 13

In typography, a slab serif (also called mechanistic, square serif or Egyptian) typeface is a type of serif typeface characterized by thick, block-like serifs. Serif terminals may be either blunt and angular (Rockwell), or rounded (Courier). Slab serif typefaces generally have no bracket (feature connecting the strokes to the serifs). Some consider slab serifs to be a subset of modern serif typefaces.

Answer 14

1. Select the letter style 2. Carve the typeface into a punch 3. Use the engraving as a cast to create many copies of the letter 4. Sort the letters into a case for organization purposes 5. Create an ink that would stick to metal for the printing process 6. Press the ink into a piece of paper using whatever press technology is available

Answer 15

Old English type, Gothic Type, etc The scribe used a lettering style whose repetition of verticals capped with pointed serifs has been compared to a picket fence. Textura (from the Latin texturum, meaning woven fabric or texture) is the favored name for this dominant mode of Gothic lettering. Other terms, such as the French lettre de forme and the English black letter and Old English, are vague and misleading. Meggs, Philip B.; Purvis, Alston W. (2011-11-02). Meggs' History of Graphic Design (Kindle Locations 1589-1591). Wiley. Kindle Edition.

Answer 16

Nast, a precociously talented artist, had switched from public school to art school after the sixth grade and began his career as a four-dollar-per-week staff illustrator for Leslie’s Weekly when he was fifteen years old. Fletcher Harper hired him when he was twenty-two to make battlefield sketches during the Civil War. The power of his work was such that President Abraham Lincoln called Nast “the best recruiting sergeant” and General Ulysses S. Grant declared that Nast had done as much as anyone to bring the conflict to a close. Public response to Nast’s work was a major factor in propelling Harper’s Weekly’s circulation from one hundred thousand to three hundred thousand copies per issue. After the war, Nast remained with Harper’s Weekly, where he drew his images directly on the woodblock in reverse for the craftsmen to cut. His deep social and political concerns led him to strip away detail and introduce symbols and labels for increased communicative effectiveness in his work. He has been called the father of American political cartooning. The graphic symbols Nast popularized and focused include a number of important images: Santa Claus, John Bull (as a symbol for England), the Democratic donkey, the Republican elephant, Uncle Sam, and Columbia (a symbolic female signifying democracy that became the prototype for the Statue of Liberty). Meggs, Philip B.; Purvis, Alston W. (2011-11-02). Meggs' History of Graphic Design (Kindle Locations 4058-4068). Wiley. Kindle Edition.

Answer 17

As the first important shift from the Venetian tradition of “old style” roman type design, the Romain du Roi (Fig. 8-3) initiated a category of types called transitional roman. These break with the traditional calligraphic qualities, bracketed serifs, and relatively even stroke weights of Old Style fonts. As William Morris observed in the late nineteenth century, the Romain du Roi saw the calligrapher replaced by the engineer as the dominant typographic influence. Meggs, Philip B.; Purvis, Alston W. (2011-11-02). Meggs' History of Graphic Design (Kindle Locations 3066-3070). Wiley. Kindle Edition.

Answer 18

Venetian tradition of “old style” roman type design, the Romain du Roi (Fig. 8-3) initiated a category of types called transitional roman. These break with the traditional calligraphic qualities, bracketed serifs, and relatively even stroke weights of Old Style fonts. Meggs, Philip B.; Purvis, Alston W. (2011-11-02). Meggs' History of Graphic Design (Kindle Locations 3067-3069). Wiley. Kindle Edition.

Answer 19

In 1851, Frederick Scott Archer, an Englishman, discovered that collodion could be used as an alternative to egg white (albumen) on glass photographic plates.[5] Collodion reduced the exposure time necessary for making an image. This method became known as the 'wet-plate collodion' or 'wet collodion' method. Collodion was relatively grainless and colorless, and allowed for one of the first high-quality duplication processes, also known as negatives. This process also produced two types of positives: the ambrotype; the tintype (also known as ferrotype).

Answer 20

Type and design ideas were imported across the English Channel from Holland until a native genius emerged in the person of William Caslon (1692–1766). After apprenticing to a London engraver of gunlocks and barrels, young Caslon opened his own shop and added silver chasing and the cutting of gilding tools and letter stamps for bookbinders to his repertoire of engraving skills. The printer William Bowyer encouraged Caslon to take up type design and founding, which he did in 1720 with almost immediate success. Meggs, Philip B.; Purvis, Alston W. (2011-11-02). Meggs' History of Graphic Design (Kindle Locations 3132-3135). Wiley. Kindle Edition.

Answer 21

The leader of the English Arts and Crafts movement, Meggs, Philip B.; Purvis, Alston W. (2011-11-02). Meggs' History of Graphic Design (Kindle Location 4443). Wiley. Kindle Edition.

Answer 22

large wood engraving used to make larger poster type prints