Chapter23 Flashcards
The study of the evolutionary history and relationships among individuals or groups of organisms.
Phylogeny.
Distinguishing similarities among species that are inherited from the most recent ancestor of an entire group.
Cladistics.
In an evolutionary tree, time reads from ______ to _____.
Left to right.
Evolution is a tree not a ladder. T or F?
True.
An ______ gives rise to a descendant.
Ancestor.
A ______ shares genetic material.
Relative. They also come from a common ancestor.
If humans evolved from monkeys, why are monkeys still around.
Humans did not evolve from monkeys, we have a common ancestor but monkeys did not turn into man.
We must search for “missing links” to fill in linear evolutionary chains. T or F?
False. Evolution has branches, not lines.
An array of fossils have been found showing transitional features at various stages and may reveal trends.
True.
Organisms have descendant (direct) and collateral relationships.
True.
Descendants show varying levels of change from their ancestors and do not reflect any inherent progress or improvement.
True.
Fossil organisms have “half and half” features.
False.
Ancestral organisms are of lower “rank”-“simpler”, “primitive”, or “lower”.
False.
Which statement is true about phylogenetictrees?
- They represent evolutionary progress and increasing complexity.
- They are hypotheses.
- They show phenotypic similarities.
- Branch lengths are proportional to time.
- All of the above.
- They are only hypothesis based off what has been studied.
A sister taxa is…
Two taxons more closely related to each other than any other taxon or group on the evolutionary tree.
The basal taxon is…
The out group and is least like any one else.
The nodes on an evolutionary tree represent a…
Common ancestor.
Ancestral characteristics are traits that are…
Found in the same common ancestors.
Derived characteristics or traits developed…
After the common ancestor.
Evolutionary trees have nothing to do with advancement and is subject to environment and capabilities.
True.
When deriving an evolutionary tree, looks can be deceiving. Never base your tree on phenotype alone, use genetics!
When deriving an evolutionary tree, looks can be deceiving. Never base your tree on phenotype alone, use genetics!
Based on evolutionary trees, which animal is more advanced.
It is subjective to the environment and tress don’t show advancement.
Time on evolutionary trees is always straight up. The closer we are to the top of time, the less time has passed.
Time on evolutionary trees us always straight up. The closer we are to the top of time, the less time has passed.
The more recent an ancestor, the more you share with a common ancestor.
The more recent an ancestor, the more you share with a common ancestor.
Homology is having a same structure due to a…
Common ancestor.
Analogy is having a same structure with a similar function but not because of a similar ancestor but because they evolved…
Independently.
Are bats more closely related to birds or cats?
Cats, because they are mammals with mammary glands, fur, and give live birth.
Monophyletic cladistics is where there is a common ancestor and….
All of their descendants.
Paraphyletic cladistics is where there is a common ancestor and…
Some of their descendants.
Polyphyletic cladistics is where there are multiple ________ ________ but not multiple common descendants.
Common ancestors.
Usually the most simple evolutionary tree is the correct one.
Usually the most simple evolutionary tree is the correct one.
HIV has been introduced multiple times, it is more closely related to chimps and was introduced by hunters in the bush hunting monkeys.
HIV has been introduced multiple times, it is more closely related to chimps and was introduced by hunters in the bush hunting monkeys.
What is true of natural selection?
a) Natural selection is a random process.
b) Natural selection creates beneficial mutations.
c) Mutations occur at random; natural selection can preserve and distribute beneficial
mutations.
d) Mutations occur when directed by the good of the species; natural selection edits out
harmful mutations and causes populations to adapt to the beneficial mutations.
C. Mutations occur at random; natural selection can preserve and distribute beneficial
mutations.
Two species regularly come into contact and form hybrids that have higher fitness than
either of the parental species. What are the possible consequences of regular hybridization
between these species?
a) Reinforcement of prezygotic isolating mechanisms.
b) Extinction of the parental species.
c) Decreased gene flow between the parental species.
d) All of the above.
B. Extinction of the parental species.
The wing of a bat has a similar structure to the flipper of a whale, but has a different
purpose. The wing of the bird is similar in function to the wing of the bat, but has a different
structure. These represent which of the following?
a) Homology, analogy
b) Analogy, homology
c) Both are homologies
d) Both are analogies
A. Homology, analogy.
Which population will be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
a) A population mice with a new mutation for coat color.
b) A small population of lizards that moved to a new island.
c) A population where only large fish get to mate.
d) None of the above populations would be in equilibrium.
D. None of the above populations would be in equilibrium
Assuming chimps and gorillas are humans’ closest relatives, removing humans from the great ape clade and placing them in a different clade has the effect of making the phylogenetic tree of the great apes.
a) polyphyletic.
b) paraphyletic.
c) monophyletic.
B. Paraphyletic.
When comparing birds and mammals to each other, a backbone would be considered a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ trait. a) Derived. b) Shared. c) Analogous. d) None of the above.
B. Shared.
Which of the following statements are true?
a) According to evolution, people came from monkeys a long time ago.
b) Evolution is something that happens to individual organisms.
c) Evolution has no goal, it is a continuous process.
d) Evolution is about the ladder of progress and always moves from simple to complex.
C. Evolution has no goal, it is a continuous process.
Natural selection for a certain phenotype will affect the _____ .
a) genotype of a population.
b) genotype of an individual.
c) allele frequency of a population.
d) allele frequency of an individual.
C. Allele frequency of a population.
In a forest, trees that get more sunlight grow taller than other nearby trees. This is a form of \_\_\_\_\_\_ . a) disruptive selection. b) artificial selection. c) directional selection. d) stabilizing selection.
C. Directional selection.
In the southeastern U.S., two species of wild lettuce (Lactuca) do not usually form hybrids,
because they bloom at different seasons. The means of isolation appears to be
a) postzygotic and behavioral.
b) prezygotic and temporal.
c) prezygotic and geographical.
d) prezygotic and mechanical.
B. Prezygotic and temporal.
Hash marks on an evolutionary tree show…
Derived traits.
