Chapter23

Question 1

The study of the evolutionary history and relationships among individuals or groups of organisms.

Answer 1

Phylogeny.

Question 2

Distinguishing similarities among species that are inherited from the most recent ancestor of an entire group.

Answer 2

Cladistics.

Question 3

In an evolutionary tree, time reads from ______ to _____.

Answer 3

Left to right.

Question 4

Evolution is a tree not a ladder. T or F?

Answer 4

True.

Question 5

An ______ gives rise to a descendant.

Answer 5

Ancestor.

Question 6

A ______ shares genetic material.

Answer 6

Relative. They also come from a common ancestor.

Question 7

If humans evolved from monkeys, why are monkeys still around.

Answer 7

Humans did not evolve from monkeys, we have a common ancestor but monkeys did not turn into man.

Question 8

We must search for “missing links” to fill in linear evolutionary chains. T or F?

Answer 8

False. Evolution has branches, not lines.

Question 9

An array of fossils have been found showing transitional features at various stages and may reveal trends.

Answer 9

True.

Question 10

Organisms have descendant (direct) and collateral relationships.

Answer 10

True.

Question 11

Descendants show varying levels of change from their ancestors and do not reflect any inherent progress or improvement.

Answer 11

True.

Question 12

Fossil organisms have “half and half” features.

Answer 12

False.

Question 13

Ancestral organisms are of lower “rank”-“simpler”, “primitive”, or “lower”.

Answer 13

False.

Question 14

Which statement is true about phylogenetictrees?

1. They represent evolutionary progress and increasing complexity.
2. They are hypotheses.
3. They show phenotypic similarities.
4. Branch lengths are proportional to time.
5. All of the above.

Answer 14

2. They are only hypothesis based off what has been studied.

Question 15

A sister taxa is…

Answer 15

Two taxons more closely related to each other than any other taxon or group on the evolutionary tree.

Question 16

The basal taxon is…

Answer 16

The out group and is least like any one else.

Question 17

The nodes on an evolutionary tree represent a…

Answer 17

Common ancestor.

Question 18

Ancestral characteristics are traits that are…

Answer 18

Found in the same common ancestors.

Question 19

Derived characteristics or traits developed…

Answer 19

After the common ancestor.

Question 20

Evolutionary trees have nothing to do with advancement and is subject to environment and capabilities.

Answer 20

True.

Question 21

When deriving an evolutionary tree, looks can be deceiving. Never base your tree on phenotype alone, use genetics!

Answer 21

When deriving an evolutionary tree, looks can be deceiving. Never base your tree on phenotype alone, use genetics!

Question 22

Based on evolutionary trees, which animal is more advanced.

Answer 22

It is subjective to the environment and tress don’t show advancement.

Question 23

Time on evolutionary trees is always straight up. The closer we are to the top of time, the less time has passed.

Answer 23

Time on evolutionary trees us always straight up. The closer we are to the top of time, the less time has passed.

Question 24

The more recent an ancestor, the more you share with a common ancestor.

Answer 24

The more recent an ancestor, the more you share with a common ancestor.

Question 25

Homology is having a same structure due to a...

Answer 25

Common ancestor.

Question 26

Analogy is having a same structure with a similar function but not because of a similar ancestor but because they evolved...

Answer 26

Independently.

Question 27

Are bats more closely related to birds or cats?

Answer 27

Cats, because they are mammals with mammary glands, fur, and give live birth.

Question 28

Monophyletic cladistics is where there is a common ancestor and....

Answer 28

All of their descendants.

Question 29

Paraphyletic cladistics is where there is a common ancestor and...

Answer 29

Some of their descendants.

Question 30

Polyphyletic cladistics is where there are multiple ________ ________ but not multiple common descendants.

Answer 30

Common ancestors.

Question 31

Usually the most simple evolutionary tree is the correct one.

Answer 31

Usually the most simple evolutionary tree is the correct one.

Question 32

HIV has been introduced multiple times, it is more closely related to chimps and was introduced by hunters in the bush hunting monkeys.

Answer 32

HIV has been introduced multiple times, it is more closely related to chimps and was introduced by hunters in the bush hunting monkeys.

Question 33

What is true of natural selection? a) Natural selection is a random process. b) Natural selection creates beneficial mutations. c) Mutations occur at random; natural selection can preserve and distribute beneficial mutations. d) Mutations occur when directed by the good of the species; natural selection edits out harmful mutations and causes populations to adapt to the beneficial mutations.

Answer 33

C. Mutations occur at random; natural selection can preserve and distribute beneficial mutations.

Question 34

Two species regularly come into contact and form hybrids that have higher fitness than either of the parental species. What are the possible consequences of regular hybridization between these species? a) Reinforcement of prezygotic isolating mechanisms. b) Extinction of the parental species. c) Decreased gene flow between the parental species. d) All of the above.

Answer 34

B. Extinction of the parental species.

Question 35

The wing of a bat has a similar structure to the flipper of a whale, but has a different purpose. The wing of the bird is similar in function to the wing of the bat, but has a different structure. These represent which of the following? a) Homology, analogy b) Analogy, homology c) Both are homologies d) Both are analogies

Answer 35

A. Homology, analogy.

Question 36

Which population will be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? a) A population mice with a new mutation for coat color. b) A small population of lizards that moved to a new island. c) A population where only large fish get to mate. d) None of the above populations would be in equilibrium.

Answer 36

D. None of the above populations would be in equilibrium

Question 37

Assuming chimps and gorillas are humans' closest relatives, removing humans from the great ape clade and placing them in a different clade has the effect of making the phylogenetic tree of the great apes. a) polyphyletic. b) paraphyletic. c) monophyletic.

Answer 37

B. Paraphyletic.

Question 38

``` When comparing birds and mammals to each other, a backbone would be considered a _________ trait. a) Derived. b) Shared. c) Analogous. d) None of the above. ```

Answer 38

B. Shared.

Question 39

Which of the following statements are true? a) According to evolution, people came from monkeys a long time ago. b) Evolution is something that happens to individual organisms. c) Evolution has no goal, it is a continuous process. d) Evolution is about the ladder of progress and always moves from simple to complex.

Answer 39

C. Evolution has no goal, it is a continuous process.

Question 40

Natural selection for a certain phenotype will affect the _____ . a) genotype of a population. b) genotype of an individual. c) allele frequency of a population. d) allele frequency of an individual.

Answer 40

C. Allele frequency of a population.

Question 41

``` In a forest, trees that get more sunlight grow taller than other nearby trees. This is a form of ______ . a) disruptive selection. b) artificial selection. c) directional selection. d) stabilizing selection. ```

Answer 41

C. Directional selection.

Question 42

In the southeastern U.S., two species of wild lettuce (Lactuca) do not usually form hybrids, because they bloom at different seasons. The means of isolation appears to be a) postzygotic and behavioral. b) prezygotic and temporal. c) prezygotic and geographical. d) prezygotic and mechanical.

Answer 42

B. Prezygotic and temporal.

Question 43

Hash marks on an evolutionary tree show...

Answer 43

Derived traits.