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Bio191Exam1 > Chapter20 > Flashcards

Chapter20 Flashcards

1
Q

Evolution is a process of genetic change. T or F?

A

True.

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2
Q

A population is the same species, in the same area, who…

A

Produce fertile offspring.

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3
Q

A gene pool is a populations…

A

Genetic make up.

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4
Q

Genes are a portion of DNA that codes for a specific…

A

Protein.

An example is eye color.

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5
Q

Different versions of genes are called…

A

Alleles.

An example of an allele is not eye color but brown.

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6
Q

2 of the same alleles is called…

A

Homozygous.

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7
Q

2 different alleles are called…

A

Heterozygous.

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8
Q

In the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, allele and genotype frequency ________ _____ _________ from generation to generation.

A

Remain the same.

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9
Q

The 5 conditions of Hardy Weinberg equilibrium that would lead to NO EVOLUTION are…

A
  1. No mutations.
  2. No gene flow.
  3. A large population size(>100).
  4. Random mating.
  5. No selection.
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10
Q

The opposite of Hardy Weinberg is….

A

Evolution!

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11
Q

If evolution is genetic change over time, where does that change come from?

A

Mutations.

Gene flow.

Non random mating.

Genetic drift.

Selection.

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12
Q

Mutations are the _______ source of variation.

A

Ultimate.

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13
Q

Mutations are mistakes in DNA ______________ causing variation.

A

Replication.

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14
Q

Mutations change the genetic sequence I the form of the_______.

A

Protein.

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15
Q

Are mutations random?

A

Yes!

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16
Q

Why is it possible for only a small fraction of mutations to become widespread?

A

Only some are advantageous.

They can be rare and those individuals carrying them may die.

You only pass down 50% if your DNA.

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17
Q

Mutations must actually create another…

A

Allele. However, mutation alone does not change allele frequency much.

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18
Q

_______ ________ is the movement of genetic material in or out of the population.

A

Gene flow.

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19
Q

The transferring of alleles in or out of a population is called________ _________.

A

Gene flow.

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20
Q

Gene flow is not necessarily a cause of _______ leaving the population.

A

Individuals.

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21
Q

Non random mating includes…

A

Mate Choice and assortative mating.

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22
Q

Mate choice is a form of non random mating that…

A

Probably happens all the time.

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23
Q

Assortative mating is…

A

Like with like.

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24
Q

With non random mating you get more _______ individuals.

A

Homozygous.

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25
Q

Disassortative mating means…

A

Mating with the opposite.

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26
Q

Genetic Drift is not a form of selection. T or F?

A

True.

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27
Q

Genetic Drift is by chance. T or F?

A

True.

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28
Q

_______ _____ usually effects small populations where an allele frequency is changed by chance .

A

Genetic Drift.

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29
Q

The two types of Genetic Drift include…

A

The founder effect and the bottleneck effect.

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30
Q

The founder effect is when ______ disperse from the original place of _______, losing some _______ or others changing drastically.

A

Individuals
origin
alleles.

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31
Q

The bottle neck effect is when a _________ is drastically reduced in size due to _______ _______ and changes in the ________ that results in a random genetic sampling of the original population.

A

Population
natural disaster/forces
environment.

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32
Q

What are the 3 main conditions necessary for natural selection?

A
  1. Genetic Variation.
  2. Competition.
  3. Reproduction.
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33
Q

People can effect genetic drift by….

A

Hunting.

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34
Q

What are the 5 conditions of evolution?

A
  1. Mutations.
  2. Gene Flow.
  3. Non-random mating.
  4. Genetic Drift.
  5. Selection.
35
Q

An allele may be lost from small populations due to chance events unrelated to the fitness consequences of that allele. T or F?

A

True.

36
Q

What are two consequences of the bottleneck of the greater prairie chickens in 1993?

A
  1. The loss of genetic diversity

2. A lower number of eggs hatching due to the loss of good alleles and a possible increase in bad alleles.

37
Q

Artificial selection is ____ ____ selection.

A

Man Made.

38
Q

Sexual selection is your ability to…

A

Attract a mate or your attraction to a mate.

39
Q

Fitness means…

A

The ability to adapt, survive, and REPRODUCE.

40
Q

Is selection random?

A

No, there is a reason certain individuals are selected to reproduce.

41
Q

Are natural selection and evolution the same thing?

A

No, Natural selection is a driving force in evolution.

42
Q

What are the 3 patterns of Natural Selection?

A
  1. Directional Selection.
  2. Disruptive Selection.
  3. Stabilizing Selection.
43
Q

Directional Selection is…

A

The act of eliminating one extreme from an array of phenotypes. Ex: the white mice are eliminated and only light brown and dark brown mice are produced.

44
Q

Disruptive Selection is…

A

The intermediate type is being eliminated but the two extremes remain. This could be because of assortative mating.

45
Q

Stabilizing Selection is…

A

The extremes are being eliminated which increases the frequency of the intermediate.

46
Q

What kind of selection is happening to the big horn sheep of Nevada?

A

Directional, because hunters are only choosing the largest with the biggest horns.

47
Q

In sexual selection, the “sexy sons theory” refers to what?

A

That the mate will produce beautiful children who will then in turn reproduce making more beautiful children.

48
Q

What 3 factors of sexual selection are beneficial to females?

A
  1. “Sexy Sons Theory”.
  2. Good Genes-means they are healthy.
  3. The Handicap Principle.
49
Q

In sexual selection the Handicap Theory refers to what?

A

Despite their handicap ( size, speed, size of limbs/extremities) they are still a great quality mate.

50
Q

In sensory exploitation, there is no ______ to the female yet she is attracted.

A

Benefit.

51
Q

A great example of sensory exploitation is…

A

When the male guppies developed an orange spot on their bellies. The guppy food is orange so therefore the female guppies saw this as an attraction because subconsciously it reminded them of their food source.

52
Q

Does sexual selection exist in humans?

A

Yes.

53
Q

Does a certain body type indicate quality?

A

Yes, the smaller waist body type indicates good fitness by the ability to reproduce/ovulate and produces higher levels of estrodial.

54
Q

What is the Heterozygote Advantage?

A

In the case of the African population, the Heterozygote advantage refers to the individuals who are AS, a carrier for sickle cell, showing some symptoms, but are immune to malaria. The AA(no sickle cell) have healthy red blood cells but are not immune to malaria and generally die. The SS(sickle cell) have unhealthy red blood cells, are immune to malaria, but generally die from sickle cell.

55
Q

Due to selective breeding, genetic ______ can be lost.

A

Diversity.

56
Q

Homologous structures have common evolutionary origins which can be similar in function or have completely different function.

A

Analogous structures do not have a common evolutionary origin but are similar function.

57
Q

Are the wings of a bat and a bird homologous or analogous?

A

They are analogous. They were not inherited from a common ancestor because of their differences.

58
Q

How do homologous structures provide evidence for evolution?

A

They are basically some insight into some characteristic that is similar in multiple types of a species that has been inherited.

59
Q

Which is a better indicator of the relationship between two organisms, structure, or function?

A

Structure is a better indicator because it is based in genetics. Function can change or evolve.

60
Q

How does comparative embryology provide evidence for evolution?

A

It proves how similar we all start and how over time our functions of those similarities have adapted to our environment and use.

61
Q

What are the 5 Hardy-Weinberg conditions that would lead to NO changes in a population?

A
  1. No mutation.
  2. No genes transferred.
  3. Mating is random.
  4. The population size is very large.
  5. No selection occurs.
62
Q

Why do the bottle neck and the founder effect cause evolution?

A

They both result in change over time which is the definition of evolution. Because of the fewer population, you are left with less of the genetic sampling causing the new population to have different alleles or modified ones thus resulting in change or evolution.

63
Q

Suppose a gene codes for coat color in cattle, such that BB and Bb are black and bb are red. What does the B represent?

A

An allele. An allele is always one letter, a genotype is two.

64
Q

In a population where the frequency of AA = 0.36 and the frequency of A is 0.6, what does the 0.36 represent?

A

A genotypic frequency.

65
Q

What is the equation for the Allelic frequency?

A

p + q = 1 Where p is the A and q is the little a.

66
Q

What is the equation for the Genotypic frequency?

A

p^2 + 2pq +q^2 = 1 Where the p^2 is the AA, 2pq is the Aa, and q^2 is the aa.

67
Q 
Which of the following would get a population out of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
A. Large population size 
B. No mutations 
C. Random mating 
D. Natural selection
A

D. Natural selection.

68
Q 
You bring in new bulls to your ranch to mate with your cows. This is an example of? 
A. Mutation 
B. Gene flow 
C. Genetic drift 
D. Bottleneck effect
A

B. Gene flow.

69
Q

Diassortative mating will most likely lead to more ______ individuals in a population.
A. Homozygous
B. Heterozygous

A

B. Heterozygous.

70
Q

What is an example of a genotype?
A. UsUf
B. Us

A

A.

71
Q

Mutation is never out of need! Environment does not cause mutations.

A

Mutation is never out of need! Environment does not cause mutations.

72
Q

In the heterozygote advantage, natural selection favors the individuals with both alleles which allow them to survive in both environments.

A

In the heterozygote advantage, natural selection favors the individuals with both alleles which allow them to survive in both environments.

73
Q

Explain how a mutation may cause fitness.

A

Mutation may increase fitness if that mutation was a more beneficial trait or characteristic allowing that allele to appear more fit and that particular group to survive and reproduce.

74
Q

Why is survival not enough? Why is reproduction so important to us?

A

Without reproduction, our genes and alleles would not be inherited so surviving would be useless if you were unable to reproduce and unable to share those surviving qualities.

75
Q

Evolution is not goal oriented!

A

Environment does not cause mutations and mutations are never produced out of need.

76
Q

Individuals are subject to natural selection, but it is populations that evolve. Why?

A

Individuals carry the alleles that are being passed down but as a whole population, those that reproduce evolve to produce more fit alleles within the population.

77
Q

Harmful alleles can increase in frequency in a population.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

78
Q

If a male with large antlers is preferred by females because large antlers are a signal of healthy offspring, which hypothesis would best fit why these males have large antlers?
A. Good genes
B. Handicap principle
C. Sensory exploitation

A

B. or C.

79
Q

Selection for an intermediate size baby in humans is an example of _____ selection.
A. Directional
B. Stabilizing
C. Disruptive

A

B. Stabilizing

80
Q

Why don’t we lose genetic variation over time? How is it maintained in a population?

A

Mutations- The ultimate source of variation is mutations.
Gene Flow- There are constantly new individuals coming into other populations.
Random mating- even unfit mating.
Heterozygotes carry genetic diversity.
Changes in our environment.

81
Q

An example of an allele is…

A

A or a.

82
Q

An example of a genotype is…

A

AA , Aa , aa.

83
Q

An example of a phenotpe is…

A

Black, Brown, Red etc.

Bio191Exam1 (5 decks)

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