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ANATOMY CH3-B > CHAPTER10 Muscles and Muscle Tissue > Flashcards

CHAPTER10 Muscles and Muscle Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Muscle (Producing movement)

A

Skeletal muscle produces locomotion, manipulation of the environment

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2
Q

Functions of Muscle (Maintaining posture/stability)

A

Skeletal muscle continuously makes tiny adjustments to counteract gravity.

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3
Q

Functions of Muscle (Stabilizing joints)

A

When the muscles contract it stabilizes and strengthens our joints.

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4
Q

Functions of Muscle (Generating heat)

A

Muscles generate heat as they contract, maintains at normal body temperature.

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5
Q

Properties of Muscle tissue (Excitability)

A

Ability to receive and respond to a stimulus (responsiveness)

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6
Q

Properties of Muscle tissue (Contractibility)

A

Muscle tissue has the ability to shorten forcibly when adequately stimulated

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7
Q

Properties of Muscle tissue (Extensibilty)

A

Ability to be stretched to extended

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8
Q

Properties of Muscle tissue (Elasticity)

A

Ability to recoil and resume its resting length after being stretched

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9
Q

Properties of Muscle tissue (Conductivity)

A

Ability to spread electrical impulses through its tissue

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10
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue

A

Striated, voluntary, responsible for overall body mobility

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11
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue (Location)

A

Found attached to and covering our bony skeleton

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12
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue (Appearance)

A

Long cylindrical shaped cells, longest muscle cells we have, obvious striation, multinucleate cells

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13
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue (Control)

A

Voluntary

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14
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue (Location)

A

Walls of the heart (only heart)

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15
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue (Appearance)

A

Striated, uninucleate or binucleate, branching chains of cells.

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16
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue (control)

A

Involuntary

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17
Q

Smooth muscle tissue (Location)

A

Walls of our hollow visceral organs such as our stomach, urinary bladder, respiratory passageway

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18
Q

Smooth muscle tissue (Appearance)

A

Single, Smooth spindle shaped cells, fusiform, uninucleate, no striations

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19
Q

Smooth muscle tissue (Control)

A

Involuntary

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20
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Considered an organ

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21
Q

Muscles as organs

A

Nervous tissue, epithelial tissue, muscle tissue and connective tissue

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22
Q

Muscles as organs (Nerve supply)

A

Found entering and exiting from the central part of the muscle, when they enter they’re gonna branch profusely through the connective tissue sheets to make their way innervating then our muscle fibers

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23
Q

Muscles as organs (Blood supply)

A

Muscle tissue has a rich blood supply, muscle fibers are going to need continuous oxygen and nutrient can also have one or more vein as well helping to remove waste so nothing builds up.

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24
Q

Muscles as organs (Epimysium)

A

Overcoat of the muscle made up up of dense irregular connective tissue, found surrounding the whole muscle.

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25
Muscles as organs (Direct attachments)
Here we have the epimysium of the muscle fusing directly into the the periosteum or into the perichondrium
26
Muscles as organs (Indirect attachments)
Muscles connective tissue wrapping this epimysium is going to extend beyond the muscle, either as a rope like tendon or a sheet like aponeurosis, a broad sheet.
27
Fascicles
Groups of muscle fibers within skeletal muscle and they resemble bundles of sticks
28
Fascicles (Perimysium)
Layers of fibrous connective tissue, found surrounding each individual fasicles
29
Muscle fibers
Long cylindrical cell within multiple nuclei
30
Muscle fibers (Endomysium)
Sheet of fine areolar connective tissue, found surrounding each individual muscle fiber
31
Muscle fibers (Sarcolemma)
Plasma membrane found underneath endomysium
32
Muscle fibers (Nuclei)
Multiple oval nuclei
33
Muscle fibers (Sarcoplasm)
Cytoplasm of the muscle cell
34
Muscle fibers (Glycosomes)
Inside of the cytoplasm, granules of stored glycogen, provides glucose during periods of activity
35
Muscle fibers (Myoglobin)
Red pigment that stores oxygen
36
Muscle fibers (Myofibrils)
Rod like elements that come together to form a muscle fiber/ cell, they are contractile units
37
Striations
Repeating series of dark and light bands
38
A band
Light (Anisotropic band)
39
A band (H Zone)
Lighter mid regions where the filaments are not going to significantly overlap (Basically Heller zone)
40
A band (M line)
Line of protein called myosmesin (In german midi shaybi), disc in the middle of the sarcomere, helps to hold the adjacent thick filaments together
41
I band
Dark
42
I band (Z disk)
In german (zwischenscheibe) coin like sheet of proteins, anchors the thin filaments, connects the myofibrils
43
Sarcomeres
Smallest contractile unit of a muscle fiber (functional unit) are in between two Z discs, composed of thick/thin filaments, made of contractile proteins
44
Myofilaments
Actin and myosin play a role in motility and shape changes
45
Thick filaments
Consist of protein myosin, extend the entire length of the A band (H zone, M line, Mysoin)
46
Thick filaments (Myosin)
Assists in movement, contains a tail basically component and a head component, tail is two woven heavy polypeptide chains, head contains two smaller light polypeptide chains that act as cross bridges during contraction
47
Thin Filaments
Twisted double strands of fibrous protein called filamentous actin, consists of many globular actin subunits or G-actin subunits, they bear active sights for myosin heads to attach to during contraction
48
Thin Filaments (Actin)
Kidney shaped polypeptide subunits and they bear active sights to which myosin heads attach during contraction and they are covered by tropomyosin
49
Thin Filaments (Tropomyosin)
Rod shaped regulatory protein, found spiraling about the actin core and it covers those active sights
50
Sliding filament model of contraction
Troponin is another major thin filament its a globular three polypeptide complex one of those polypeptide complexes is inhibitory (TnI) and it binds to actin another bind to tropomyosin(TnT), the third binds to calcium(TnC)
51
Sliding filament model of contraction
In the relaxed state the thick and thin filaments are going to overlap only slightly, during contraction myosin heads bind to the actin, they detach and they bind again to propel the thin filaments toward the M line as the H zone shortens the distance between the the I bands and the Z disc shorten this causes the sarcomere to shorten the whole muscle cells shorten.
52
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
An elaborate network of smooth endoplasmic reticulum thats going to be found surrounding each myofibril like our sleeve does right around our arm, its also going to regulate intracellular ionic calcium levels.
53
Terminal cisternae
End sacs, large perpendicular cross channels that are found at the AI band junction
54
T tubules
Are elongated tubes that are found at each AI band junction, they are deep protrusions of the sarcolemma of the muscle cell, calcium on the side of T tubules that need to be released because calcium need to bind to the TMC receptor of troponine, and then move to the tropomyosin
55
Triads
Constructed by the two cisternae and one T-tuble, very important for contraction
56
Excitation-contraction coupling
Excitation has to occur, happens thanks to the nerve, nerve is going get excited, when the nerve gets excited it releases acetylcholine- a neurotransmitter thats gonna bind to the post synaptic neurons membrane, it allows sodium and potassium to cross which changes the voltage in that area, that triggers the opening of these voltage- gated channels on the sarcolemma, which allow action potential to travel across that sarcolemma deeps into the T-tubles of the sarcolemma
57
Longitudinal layer
Outer layer fibers are gonna run parallel to the long axis of the organ when it contracts it makes the organ shorter and thicker
58
Circular layer
Inner layer, the fibers are gonna run around the circumference of the organ when it contracts it propels contents forward
59
Persistalsis
A propulsive action where you have alternating contractions and relaxations of these muscular layers to help propel food forward through the digestive tract
60
Electrical receptors
Ryanodine the other are called DHP receptors dihydopyridine receptors
61
ATP
We need ATP for attachment and detachment if there's no ATP for detachment which happens when we die then we suffer from from rigor mortis
62
Myasthenia Gravis
Condition where your immune system produces antibodies that block or destroy the acetylcholine receptors on the sarcolemma
63
Tyrosine Kinase
Block the function of a protein muscle specific receptor
64
Ribosomes
Give the sarcoplamic reticulum its rough look

ANATOMY CH3-B (4 decks)

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