CH-6 Bones and Skeletal tissues

Question 1

Perichondrium

Answer 1

A layer of dense irregular connective tissue, contains blood vessels where nutrients are diffused through the matrix to reach the cartilage cells, acts as “girdle to help resist expansion”

Question 2

Hyaline cartilage (Structure)

Answer 2

Most abundant skeletal cartilage, i composed of spherical chondrocytes and fine collagen fibers, which are not detachable.

Question 3

Hyaline cartilage (Function)

Answer 3

Provide support, flexibility, resilience

Question 4

Types of Hyaline cartilage (Articular cartilage)

Answer 4

Found at the end of our bones where they form joints

Question 5

Types of Hyaline cartilage( Costal cartilage)

Answer 5

Connects the ribs to sternum.

Question 6

Types of Hyaline cartilage(Respiratory cartilage)

Answer 6

Forms the skeleton of the larynx

Question 7

Types of Hyaline cartilage(Nasal cartilage)

Answer 7

Supports the external nose

Question 8

Elastice cartilage (Structure)

Answer 8

Looks like Hyaline but way more elastic fibers

Question 9

Elastice cartilage (function)

Answer 9

To stand up to repeated bending while still maintain shape.

Question 10

Elastic cartilage (Location)

Answer 10

Found in the external ear and epiglottis

Question 11

Fibrocartilage (Structure)

Answer 11

Highly compressible cartilage, great tensile strength, parallel rows of collagen fibers, alternating with chondrocytes in lacunae

Question 12

Fibrocartilage (locations) +(Functions)

Answer 12

In-between the vertebrae, in vertebral discs, in between knee and in between the hip bones. (To withstand heavy pressure and stretch)

Question 13

Bone

Answer 13

Supports, movement, protection, blood formation, stored minerals “Calcium and Phosphate”

Question 14

Axial skeleton (bones)

Answer 14

Make up the skull ,vertebral column, rib cage

Question 15

Axial skeleton (Functions)

Answer 15

Protecting, supporting,Carrying other body parts.

Question 16

Appendicular skeleton (bones)

Answer 16

Upper/lower limbs, girdles bones, Coaxial bone (hip bone)

Question 17

Appendicular skeleton (Functions)

Answer 17

Locomotion, manipulation of the environment.

Question 18

Classification of bones (Long bones)

Answer 18

Named for their elongated shape, longer than wide, and they have a shaft and two ends. Ex:All limb bones except patella, wrist bones, ankle bones.

Question 19

Classification of bones (Short bones)

Answer 19

Bones that are cubed shaped, equal in length and width

Ex; Wrist-bones, ankle bones, sesamoid bones.

Question 20

Classification of bones (Flat bones)

Answer 20

Thin, flattened, a bit curved

Ex: Sternum, ribs, scapulae and most of our skull bones.

Question 21

Classification of bones (Irregular bones)

Answer 21

Complicated shape.

Ex: Vertebrae, and hip bones

Question 22

Function of bone

Answer 22

1. Support
2. Protection
3. Movement
4. Mineral storage
5. Production of blood cells

Question 23

Gross anatomy of bones

Answer 23

Every bone is going to have a dense outer layer (Compact bone) other areas we’ll see red bone marrow or yellow bone marrow (fat)

Question 24

Projections that attach to muscle (Tuberosity)

Answer 24

Large rounded projections may be roughened

Question 25

Projections that attach to muscle (Tubercle)

Answer 25

Small rounded projections or processes

Question 26

Projections that attach to muscle (Crest)

Answer 26

Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent

Question 27

Projections that attach to muscle (Line)

Answer 27

Narrow ridge of bones; less prominent than a crest

Question 28

Projections that attach to muscle (Epicondyle)

Answer 28

Raised are on or above a condyle

Question 29

Projections that attach to muscle (Trochanter)

Answer 29

Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped processes

Question 30

Projections that attach to muscle (Spine)

Answer 30

Sharp, Slender, often pointed projection

Question 31

Projections that attach to muscle (Processes)

Answer 31

Any bony prominence

Question 32

Projections that form joints(Head)

Answer 32

Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

Question 33

Projections that form joints(Condyle)

Answer 33

Rounded articular projection

Question 34

Projections that form joints(Ramus)

Answer 34

Armlike bar of a bone

Question 35

Projections that form joints( Facet)

Answer 35

Smooth, nearly flat articular surface.

Question 36

Depression (Fossa)

Answer 36

Shallow basin like depression in a bone, often serving as an article, surface

Question 37

Depression (Groove)

Answer 37

Furrow

Question 38

Openings (Meatus)

Answer 38

Canal like passageway

Question 39

Openings (Fissure)

Answer 39

Narrow, slitlike opening

Question 40

Openings (Foramen)

Answer 40

Round or oval opening through a bone

Question 41

Openings (Notch)

Answer 41

Indentation at edge of a structure

Question 42

Opening (Sinus)

Answer 42

Cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane.

Question 43

Compact bone

Answer 43

External layer, can see to the naked eye

Question 44

Spongy bone

Answer 44

Internal to the compact bone, honeycomb like of flat pieces (Trabeculae)

Question 45

Trabeculae

Answer 45

Tiny bone struts, helps bone resist stress

Question 46

Long bone structure (Diaphysis)

Answer 46

Constructed of thick layers of compact bone that surrounds a central medullary cavity

Question 47

Long bone structure (Medullary cavity)

Answer 47

Yellow marrow cavity contains fat

Question 48

Long bone structure (Epiphyses)

Answer 48

The bone ends are formed of compact/spongy bones

Question 49

Long bone structure (Hematopoietic tissue)

Answer 49

Red bone marrow found within the trabecular cavities of spongy bone and also in the center of flat bones (More active)

Question 50

Long bone structure (Epiphyseal line)

Answer 50

Known as the metaphysis, found in adults, located between the diaphysis and epiphysis, it is a remnant of the epiphyseal plates

Question 51

Membranes (Periosteum)

Answer 51

A glistening white double layered membrane that covers the entire external surface of long bones except for the joint surfaces

Question 52

Membranes (Fibrous layer)

Answer 52

Outer layer of dense irregular connective tissue

Question 53

Membranes. (Osteogenic layer)

Answer 53

Inner layer consists of osteoblasts

Question 54

Membranes (Perforating fibers)

Answer 54

Sharpey's fiber, help secure periosteum to the bone , they're tufts of collagen which extend from the fibrous layer to the bone matrix

Question 55

Nutrient foramen

Answer 55

Tiny openings in the periosteum, and they supply nerve fibers, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels to the diaphysis of the bone

Question 56

Endosteum

Answer 56

Delicate connective tissue membrane, covers the internal bone surface, covers the trabeculae of spongy bone, lines the canal.

Question 57

Short, flat, and irregular bone structure(Diploe)

Answer 57

Have no shaft, nor epiphysis, have active marrows that will be used for biopsies.

Question 58

Microscopic anatomy of bones (Compact bone)

Answer 58

Adapted to support weight and tension stress

Question 59

Microscopic anatomy of bones (Osteon)

Answer 59

The haversian system, structural units of compact bone

Question 60

Microscopic anatomy of bones (Lamellae)

Answer 60

Little plate, hollow tubes of bone matrix, found surrounding the central canal.

Question 61

Microscopic anatomy of bones (Central canal)

Answer 61

"haversian canal" runs through the core of each osteon, contains blood vessels and nerve fibers.

Question 62

Microscopic anatomy of bones( Perforating canals)

Answer 62

Volkmans canal found lying at right angles to the long axis of the bone, connect the blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to those in the central canal and the medullary cavity.

Question 63

Microscopic anatomy of bones (Lacunae)

Answer 63

Hollows spaces found in the junctions of lamellae, occupied by the osteocytes

Question 64

Microscopic anatomy of bones(Canaliculi)

Answer 64

Little hair like canals which connect lacunae to each other.

Question 65

Microscopic anatomy of bones (Interstitial lamellae)

Answer 65

The lamellae that fills the gaps between the osteons

Question 66

Microscopic anatomy of bones (Circumferential lamallae)

Answer 66

Deep to the periosteum and are superficial to the endosteum and they are spanning the entire diaphysis and resist long bone twisting.

Question 67

Chemical composition of bones (Organic components)

Answer 67

Will include cells; also have osteoid (organic part of the matrix) includes grounds substance and collagen fibers

Question 68

Chemical composition of bones (Inorganic components)

Answer 68

hydroxyapatites which are your mineral salts largely calcium phosphates 10% Calcium carbonate and 5% other inorganic minerals