CH3-B Flashcards
Connective Tissue
Most abundant and widely distributed of the primary tissue.
Location: Almost found everywhere around the body.
Functions: Connects, binding organs, supporting, protecting, insulating our organs, movement, storage, transport.
Common Characteristics of connective tissue
Common Origin- Arise from mesenchyme
Degrees of vascularity- Some are highly vascular while others will be poorly vascular, cartilage will be avascular
Extracellular Matrix - Collection of extracellular molecule, nonliving main component of component of connective tissue , it separates the living cells of the tissue allows CT to bear weight, withstand great tension and last it allows it to endure abuse (Made up of ground substance and fibers)
Structural elements of connective tissue.(Ground substances)
1.Ground substances- Unstructured materials, fills the space between the cells and it contains the fibers composed of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins and proteoglycans
Structural elements of connective tissue.”Collagen fibers”
Connective tissue fibers. (responsible for providing support)
Collagen fibers- Thick fibers, the strongest and most abundant fiber type, Constructed of collagen provides tensile strength, ability to resist being pulled part and they are rope like fibers.
Structural elements of connective tissue. “Elastic Fibers”
Connective tissue fibers. (responsible for providing support)
Elastic fibers- Long thin fibers, forms branching networks and contains rubber like proteins called elastane allows these fibers to stretch, recoil (like rubber bands) is found the skin, lungs walls of blood vessels.
Structural elements of connective tissue.”Reticular fibers”
Connective tissue fibers. (responsible for providing support)
Reticular fibers- Short fine collagenous fibers, form delicate networks around small blood vessels and they support soft tissue of the organs. Found in basement membrane epithelia and capillaries.
Connective tissue cells “Mature/Immature”
Major type cells
Immature form- Undifferentiated cells, indicated by “blasts”, are actively mitotic cells.
Mature form- Will be indicated by “Cytes”
Additional cell types- Adipocytes, Leukocytes, Neutrophils, Eosinophils and Lymphocytes.
Types of Connective Tissue “Mesenchyme”
Mesenchyme- Comes from the mesoderm, one of our embryonic germ layers we also have endoderm and ectoderm “Embryonic tissue arises from the early weeks embryonic development and eventually differentiates into all other connective tissue cells.
Loose connective tissues (Areolar connective tissue)
Description- Gel-like matrix with all three fiber types; cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some
white blood cells.
Function: Wraps and cushions organs; its macrophages
phagocytize bacteria; plays important role in inflammation; holds and conveys tissue fluid.
Location: Widely distributed under epithelia of body, e.g., forms lamina propria of mucous membranes; packages organs; surrounds capillaries.
Loose connective tissues (Adipose tissue)
Description: Matrix as in areolar, but very sparse; closely packed adipocytes, or fat cells, have nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplet.
Function: Provides reserve food fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs.
Location: Under skin in the hypodermis; around kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts.
+Brown adipose tissue: Brown fat contains an abundant amount of mitochondria and is used to warm the body. (Found in the back of babies because they lack to produce heat from shivering)
Loose connective tissues (Reticular connective tissue)
Description: Network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance; reticular cells lie on the network.
Function: Fibers form a soft internal skeleton (Stroma) that supports other cell types including white blood cells,
mast cells, and macrophages.
Location: Lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen).
Dense connective tissues (Dense regular CT)
Description: Primarily parallel collagen fibers; a few elastic fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast.
Function: Attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; attaches bones to bones; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction.
Location: Tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses.
Dense connective tissues (Dense Irregular CT)
Description: Primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers; some elastic fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast.
Function: Able to withstand tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength.
Location: Fibrous capsules of organs and of joints; dermis of the skin; submucosa of digestive tract.
Dense connective tissues (Elastic CT)
Description: Dense regular connective tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers.
Function: Allows recoil of tissue following stretching; maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries; aids passive recoil of lungs following inspiration.
Location: Walls of large arteries; within certain ligaments associated with the vertebral column; within the walls of the bronchial tubes.
Cartilage (Hyaline Cartilage)
Description: Amorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers form an imperceptible network; Chondroblasts produce the matrix and when mature (chondrocytes) lie in lacunae.
Function: Supports and reinforces; has resilient cushioning properties; resists compressive stress.
Location: Forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilages of the ribs; cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx.
Cartilage (Elastic Cartilage)
Description: Similar to hyaline cartilage, but more elastic
fibers in matrix.
Function: Maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility.
Location: Supports the external ear (pinna); epiglottis.
Cartilage (Fibrocartilage)
Description: Matrix similar to but less firm than that in
hyaline cartilage; thick collagen fibers predominate.
Function: Tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock.
Location: Intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; discs of knee joint.
Bone
Description: Hard, calcified matrix containing many
collagen fibers; osteocytes lie in lacunae.Very well vascularized.
Function: Bone supports and protects (by enclosing); provides levers for the muscles to act on; stores calcium and other minerals and fat; marrow inside bones is the site for blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)
Location: Bones
Blood
Description: Red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma).
Function: Transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances.
Location: Contained within blood vessels.
Muscle tissue (Skeletal muscle)
Description: Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells; obvious striations.
Function: Voluntary movement; locomotion; manipulation of the environment; facial expression; voluntary control.
Location: In skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin.
Muscle tissue (Cardiac muscle)
Description: Branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions (intercalated discs).
Function: As it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation; involuntary control.
Location: The walls of the heart.
Muscle tissue ( Smooth muscle)/ Visceral
Description: Spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei; no
striations; cells arranged closely to form sheets.
Function: Propels substances or objects (foodstuffs, urine, a baby) along internal passageways; involuntary control.
Location: Mostly in the walls of hollow organs.
Muscle tissue (Nervous tissue)
Description: Neurons are branching cells; cell processes that may be quite long extend from the nucleus-containing cell body; also contributing to nervous tissue are non-irritable supporting cells (not illustrated).
Function: Transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands) which control their activity.
Location: Brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
Cells- Neurons
A)Cell body: Solma contains a nucleus and with that nucleuses.
B).Processes: Slender extensions that branch from the Solma.
i) Dendrites: Multiple dendrites/shorter of the two (receive signals from other neurons)
ii) Axons: Longer processes(Transmit signals away from the cell body to other neurons “next”)
