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Life span And Development > Chapter1 > Flashcards

Chapter1 Flashcards

0
Q

What are the complexities of studying all kinds of people

A

1.

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1
Q

Why are theories considered so importance in science?

A

2

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2
Q

What special methods do developmentalists use to study change over time?

A

3

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3
Q

Why do scientists conclusion need to be interpreted with caution?

A

4

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4
Q

The science that seeks to understand how and why people of all ages and circumstances change or remain the same overtime

A

Science of human development

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5
Q

A way to answer questions that empirical research and database conclusions.

A

Scientific method

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6
Q

A prediction that can tested

A

Hypothesis

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7
Q

Evidence based on data from scientific observation or experiments; not theoretical

A

Empirical evidence

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8
Q

Developmentalists recognize that growth over the life span is

A

Multicultural, multidirectional, multi contextual, multidisciplinary, and plastic

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9
Q

On the basis of theory, prior research, or a personal observation, pose a question

A

Begin with curiosity

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10
Q

Five basic steps in scientific method and the added sixth method

A
  1. Begin with curiosity 2. Develop a hypothesis 3. Test the hypothesis 4 draw a conclusion 5. Report the results and 6. replication
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11
Q

A specific prediction that can be tested

A

Hypothesis

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12
Q

Empirical evidence (data)

A

Test hypothesis

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13
Q

Use the evidence to support or refute the hypothesis

A

Draw conclusions

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14
Q

Share the data, conclusions, and alternative explanation

A

Report the results

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15
Q

Repeating the procedure and methods of a study

A

Replication

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16
Q

Are revised, refined, and confirmed after replication

A

Conclusion

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17
Q

Refers to the influence of the genes that people inherit

A

Nature

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18
Q

Refers to environmental influences

A

Nuture

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19
Q

Also called the heredity-environment and maturation-learning

A

The nature-nurture debate

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20
Q

Explored the many ways environmental factors alter genetic expression

A

Epi genetics

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21
Q

A general term for traits, capacities, and limitations that each individual inherits genetically from his or her parents at the moment of conception

A

Nature

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22
Q

The study of using different participants

A

Replication

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23
Q

A general term for all the environmental influences that affect development after an individual is conceived

A

Nurture

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24
Q

Crib death or cot death

A

SIDS

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25
Q

SIDS

A

Sudden infant death syndrome

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26
Q

A science that seeks to understand how and why each individual is affected by changes that occur over the life span

A

The study of development

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27
Q

As a science, developmental research follows five steps

A

Question, hypothesis, empirical research, conclusions based on data, and publication

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28
Q

A sixth step in developmental research is and. Its function is to

A

Replication, confirms, refutes, or refines conclusions of a scientific study

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29
Q

Both genes and environment affect every human characteristic in an explosive interaction of

A

Nature-nurture

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30
Q

Empirical evidence refers to

A

evidence based on data from scientific observation or experiments; not theoretical

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31
Q

The term that refers to the traits inherited at conception is

A

nature

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32
Q

List the scientific method

A

begin with curosity by posing a question, develop a hypothesis, test the hypothesis, draw conclusions, report the results, replicate

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33
Q

The combination of all environmental influences that affect a developing person is called

A

Nurture

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34
Q

An approach to the study of human development that takes into account all phases of life, not just childhood or adulthood

A

life-span perspective

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35
Q

The term used to describe an infant’s unexpected death: when a seemingly healthy baby, usually between 2 and 6 months old, suddenly stops breathing and dies unexpectedly while asleep

A

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

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36
Q

Multiple changes in every direction, characterized the life span

A

Multidirectional (development)

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37
Q

If a particular human trait were to be charted over time. it would be apparent that some traits appear and disappear, with increases, decreases and zigzags.

A

Development is multidirectional

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38
Q

Change can occur rapidly and dramatically (caterpillars become butterflies)

A

discontinuity is evident

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39
Q

Growth can be gradual (redwoods grow taller over hundreds of years)

A

continuity is found

40
Q

A time when a particular type of developmental growth (in the body or behavior) must happen if it is ever going to happen.

A

critical period

41
Q

A time when a certain time of development is most likely to happen or happens most easily, although it may still happen later. (early childhood is consider this)

A

sensitive period

42
Q

A period of development is a time which a particular development must occur if it is to occur at all

A

critical period

43
Q

A period of development is a time in which a particular development occurs easily

A

sensitive period

44
Q

antinausea drug

A

thalidomide

45
Q

Why is developmental study a science

A

because it depends theories, data, analysis, critical thinking, and sound methodology, just like every other science

46
Q

To avoid unexamined opinions and to rein in personal biases, researchers follow the

A

five steps of the scientific method

47
Q

influences of genes we inherit

A

nature

48
Q

Environmental influences that affect development

A

nurture

49
Q

The basic question of nature - nurture debate is

A

How much of any characteristics, behavior, or emotion is the result of genes and ho much is the result of specific experiences?

50
Q

Affects every characteristic

A

genes and the environment, nature always affect nurture and nurture always affects nature

51
Q

The opposite of genetic vulnerability

A

epigenetics

52
Q

genes predispose people to be influenced by environment; the impact of a spanking, or a beer, or a marathon depends partly on

A

genetic vulnerability

53
Q

What was the sole focus of development study

A

the first two decades of life

54
Q

Over time, human characteristics change in every direction.
Several major theorists describe discontinuous stages of development: Freud, Erickson, Piaget.
Others view development as a continuous process.

A

Developmental is multidirectional

55
Q

Empirical evidence refers to

A

evidence based on data from scientific observation or experiments’ not theoretical

56
Q

The term that refers to the traits inherited at conception is

A

nature

57
Q

the combination of all environmental influences that affect a developing person is called

A

nuture

58
Q

a______period of development is a time in which a particular development must occur if it is to occur at all

A

critical period

59
Q

a _____periods of development is a time in which a particular development occurs easily

A

sensitive period

60
Q

A(n) _____ is a group of people born roughly at the same historical time

A

cohort

61
Q

A person’s income and level of education is part of his or her

A

socioeconomic status

62
Q

The systems of shared beliefs, conventions, norms, expectations, and symbolic representations that persist over time and prescribe social rules of conduct is known as

A

culture

63
Q

______ refers to the environmental factors that affect the expression of genes

A

epigenetic

64
Q

According to Freud, the _____ stage is the first stage of development

A

oral

65
Q

_______ is the psychoanalytic theorist who described 8 stages of human development

A

Erik Erikson

66
Q

Each person is affected by many social contexts and interpersonal interactions.
Three nested levels surround individuals and affect them.
Approach later named bioecological theory.

A 
Development is multicontextual.
Ecological Systems (Bronfenbrenner)
67
Q

takes place within many contexts, including physical surroundings (climate, noise, population density, etc.) and family configurations (married couple, single parent, cohabiting couple, extended family

A

development is muticontextual

68
Q

a developmentalist that led the way to considering contexts

A

Urie Bronfenbrenner

69
Q

the multifaceted relationship between the organism and its environment

A

ecology

70
Q

the view that in the study of human development, the person should be considered in all the contexts and interactions that constitute a life and was remained biological theory

A

ecological-system approach

71
Q

name the ecological systems

A 
Microsystems 
Exosystems 
Macrosystems
Chronosystem 
Mesosystem
72
Q

Historical context
Cohort
Demographic characteristics
Political issues

A

Development is multicontextual

73
Q

A concept constructed, or made, by society

A

social construction

74
Q

affect how people think and behave and what they value, ignore, and punish. culture is so basic to thinking and emotions, people are usually unaware of their cultural values

A

social construction

75
Q

Traditionally relates to food costs and family size

Revised definition of poverty under way that takes into account housing, medical care, and various subsidies

A

poverty development is multi contextual

76
Q

Set of ideas that people share.

A

culture

77
Q

Consists of people whose ancestors were born in the same region and who often share a language, culture, and religion

A

ethnic group

78
Q

Humans tend to believe that they, their nation, and their culture are a little better than others (difference-equals-deficit error).
Belief becomes destructive if it reduces respect and appreciation for others.
Differences may be an asset or a deficit.

A

difference-equal-deficit-error

79
Q

one of the reason a multicultural approach is necessary

A

difference-equal-deficit-error

80
Q

A leader in describing the interaction between culture and education

A

Lev Vygotsky

81
Q

a universal process used by mentors to teach cultural knowledge, skills, and habits

A

guided participation/ Lev Vygosty

82
Q

Social construction, affected by social context, not a direct outcome of biology

A

Ethnicity

83
Q

Social construction that continues to lead to racism.

A

Race

84
Q

A term that exaggerates minor differences

A

color

85
Q

human development requires insights and inform from many scientists, past and present, in many disciplines; this helps our understanding of every topic benefits from

A

multidisplinary (development is)

86
Q

mapped all genes that make up a person

A

The Human Genome Project

87
Q

epi influences occur in the first hours of life as biochemical elements silence certains genes, in a process called

A

methylation

88
Q

Depression is genetic and neurological.
Depression is developmental.
Depression is environmentally influenced.
Overall, at least 12 factors are linked to depression.
Each factor is related to research from a different discipline.

A

Multidisciplinary research on depression

89
Q

Name a neuroscience factors that is linked to depression

A

low serotonin in the brain, as a results of an allele of the gene for serotonin to transport

90
Q

Name a psychopathology factor that is linked to depression

A

Childhood caregiver depression, especially postpartum depression with exclusive mother-care

91
Q

Name a biological factor linked to depression

A

Low exposure to daylight, as in winter in higher latitudes

92
Q

Name a nutrition factor linked to depression

A

Malnutrition, particularly low hemoglobin

93
Q

Name an anthropological factor linked to depression

A

Lack of close friends, especially when entering a new culture, school or, neighborhood

94
Q

Name an medical factor linked to depression

A

Diseases, including Parkinson’s and AIDS, AND DRUGS TO TREAT DISEASES

95
Q

Name a sociological factor linked to depression

A

Disruptive event, such as breakup with a romantic partner

96
Q

Name a psychological factor linked to depression

A

death of a mother before age 10

97
Q

Name a family studies factor linked to depression

A

absence of father during childhood-esp because of divorce, less so because of a death or migration

98
Q

Name a genetic factor linked to depression

A

family history of eating disorders ( not necessarily of the depressed person)

Life span And Development (5 decks)

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