Chapter 1 and 2 study guide Flashcards
A theory of human development that studies observable behavior. Behaviorism is also called learning theory because it describes the laws and processes by which behavior is learned.
behaviorism
An in-depth study of one person, usually requiring personal interviews to collect background information and various follow-up discussions, tests, questionnaires, and so on.
case study
A learning process in which a meaningful stimulus (such as the smell of food to a hungry animal) gradually comes to be connected with a neutral stimulus (such as a particular sound) that had no special meaning before the learning process began. (Also called respondent conditioning.)
Classical conditioning
A learning process in which a meaningful stimulus (such as the smell of food to a hungry animal) gradually comes to be connected with a neutral stimulus (such as a particular sound) that had no special meaning before the learning process began. (Also called respondent conditioning.)
cognitive theory
A group defined by the shared age of its members, who, because they were born at about the same time, move through life together, experiencing the same historical events and cultural shifts.
cohort
According to behaviorism, the processes by which responses become linked to particular stimuli and learning takes place. The word conditioning is used to emphasize the importance of repeated practice, as when an athlete conditions his or her body to perform well by training for a long time.
conditioning
A number that indicates the degree of relationship between two variables, expressed in terms of the likelihood that one variable will (or will not) occur when the other variable does (or does not). A correlation indicates only that two variables are related, not that one variable causes the other to occur.
correlation
A time when a particular type of developmental growth (in body or behavior) must happen if it is ever going to happen.
critical period
What does the science of human development seek to understand?
how and why people change over time
Which of the following is TRUE of the scientific method?
a. Scientific studies should not be repeated, because this wastes time and resources.
b. Research findings should be made available to other scientists.
c. It is unnecessary for hypotheses to be clearly phrased.
d. Conclusions should be based on subjective interpretation.
b. Research findings should be made available to other scientists.
Most developmental psychologists believe that development is the result of:
nature and nurture working together
Language learning is considered a:
sensitive period
With age, people experience losses in some domains and gains in others. This is consistent with the ____________ nature of development
multidirectional because multiple changes, in every direction, characterize the life span
Which of the following is not associated with Urie Bronfenbrenner?
a. mastosystems
b. microsystems
c. exosystems
d. macrosystems
a. mastosystems
Which of the following is an example of an exosystem?
a. family
b. historical setting
c. church
d. political climate
c. church
Which of the following theories places the greatest emphasis on the interaction between genes and the environment?
a. psychoanalytic
b. cognitive
c. sociocultural
d. epigenetic
d. epigenetic
Psychoanalytic theory originated with:
a. B. F. Skinner.
b. Erik Erikson.
c. Sigmund Freud.
d. Ivan Pavlov.
c. Sigmund Freud
In Erikson’s industry versus inferiority stage, children try to:
a. master new skills.
b. make sense out of their lives.
c. develop intimacy.
d. seek companionship and love.
a. master new skills.
Each of Erikson’s developmental stages is characterized by a particular challenge or:
developmental crisis
Behaviorism is also called:
a. learning theory.
b. sexual theory.
c. emotional theory.
d. cognitive theory.
a. learning theory.
. Pavlov’s experiment in which he conditioned dogs to salivate after hearing a bell demonstrated what he called:
a. operant conditioning.
b. psychoanalysis.
c. classical conditioning.
d. instrumental conditioning
classical conditioning
In social learning theory, modeling is a process by which people:
a. accommodate and assimilate social experiences.
b. observe the actions of others and then copy them.
c. change themselves to adapt to the social context.
d. gain knowledge about themselves and their place in the world
b. observe the actions of others and then copy them.
According to behaviorists, almost all daily behavior, from combing your hair to joking with friends, is a result of past:
a. classical conditioning.
b. operant conditioning.
c. social learning.
d. positive reinforcement.
b. operant conditioning.
Piaget was primarily interested in:
a. what type of behavior was modeled for children.
b. the unconscious urges of children.
c. how children think.
d. what children know.
c. how children think
What research method is used in order to establish what causes a behavior?
a. correlation
b. an experiment
c. a case study
d. scientific observation
c. case study
Chromosomes are molecules of:
a. additive genes.
b. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
c. karyotypes.
d. phenotypes.
b. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
What is a zygote?
a. a cell that is formed from the sperm and the ovum
b. a chromosomal abnormality
c. a pair of twins
d. a group of imprinted genes
a. cell that is formed from the sperm and the ovum
How many molecules of DNA make up a chromosome?
a. 23
b. 26
c. 46
d. None of the answers are correct.
c. 46
What are the observable characteristics of a person, such as appearance and personality, called?
a. genotype
b. chromotype
c. phenotype
d. karotype
c. phenotype
A genome is:
a. a full set of instructions to make a living organism.
b. a section of a chromosome.
c. the manufacturer of protein.
d. a reproductive cell that combines to make a zygote.
a. a full set of instructions to make a living organism
What chromosomal pair determines a person’s sex?
a. 20th
b. 21st
c. 22nd
d. 23rd
d. 23
Most human traits are affected by a number of genes. In other words, they are:
a. polygenic.
b. multifactorial.
c. dominant.
d. recessive.
a. polygenic
Every ____________ gene contributes something to phenotype.
a. additive
b. nonadditive
c. recessive
d. X-linked
a. additive
What can stem cells do?
a. influence a person’s environment
b. produce any type of cell
c. stimulate cell division
d. provide genetic instructions for mitosis and meiosis
b. produce any type of cell
The neural tube eventually develops into:
a. the visual system.
b. the spinal cord.
c. the skeletal system.
d. the cardiovascular system.
b. the spinal cord
All of the following occur during the germinal period except:
a. cell differentiation.
b. organ formation.
c. implantation.
d. cell duplication.
b. organ formation
The age of viability is:
a. the age at which the fetus can, with specialized medical care, survive outside the uterus.
b. the moment when fusion occurs and the zygote is formed.
c. the age at which the embryo becomes a fetus.
d. the age at which a woman can conceive a child.
a. the age at which the fetus can, with specialized medical, survive outside the uterus
The Apgar scale measures the:
a. adequacy of prenatal growth.
b. duration of labor.
c. newborn’s condition following birth.
d. intensity of pain during labor.
c. newborn’s condition following birth
A doula is a woman trained to support women going through:
a. divorce.
b. cancer.
c. labor.
d. profound loss.
c. labor
What percentage of U.S. women experience postpartum depression?
a. two percent
b. three to eight percent
c. eight to 15 percent
d. 15 to 20 percent
c. eight to 15 percent
Down syndrome is a condition in which an individual has three copies of:
a. chromosome 47.
b. chromosome 21.
c. the X chromosome.
d. the Y chromosome.
b. chromosome 21
Carriers of the sickle-cell trait are:
a. less likely to die of malaria.
b. more likely to suffer from malaria.
c. more likely to be affected by fragile X syndrome.
d. less likely to be affected by fragile X syndrome.
a. less likely to die of malaria
Fetal alcohol syndrome is associated with:
a. abnormal facial features.
b. an abnormally large head.
c. malformation of limbs.
d. no abnormalities.
a. abnormal facial features
Low birthweight (LBW) is defined as a body weight less than ____ at birth.
a. three pounds
b. five and one-half pounds
c. seven pounds
d. 10 pounds
b. five and one-half pounds
A baby described as small for gestational age (SGA):
a. is a premature baby.
b. weighs less than three pounds at birth.
c. always has chromosomal abnormalities.
d. weighs significantly lower than expected.
d. weighs significantly lower than expected
What is the first step of the scientific method?
a. draw conclusions
b. test the hypothesis
c. pose a question
d. develop a hypothesis
c. pose a question
In the science of human development, “nurture” refers to:
a. universal traits.
b. biological traits.
c. environmental influences.
d. unique traits.
c. environmental influences
The idea that change does not always occur in a straight line defines the _____ characteristic of development.
a. multicontextual
b. multicultural
c. plasticity
d. multidirectional
d. multidirectional
Language learning is considered a:
a. continuous process.
b. sensitive period.
c. critical period.
d. socioeconomic factor.
b. sensitive period
Throughout his life, Bronfenbrenner:
a. ignored the impact of the mesosystem.
b. did not acknowledge how systems interacted.
c. emphasized studying humans in natural settings.
d. argued against the bioecological perspective.
c. emphasized studying humans in natural settings
The microsystem includes:
a. school and church.
b. local institutions.
c. family and peers.
d. larger social settings.
c. family peers
What does “socioeconomic status” refer to?
a. race
b. culture
c. social class
d. cohort
c. social class
Epigenetic theory arises from:
a. biology, genetics, and history.
b. education, anthropology, and history.
c. education, biology, and genetics.
d. biology, genetics, and neuroscience.
d. biology, genetics, and neuroscience
Development is the result of interaction between biological and environmental forces. This statement most closely describes:
a. behaviorist theory.
b. psychoanalytic theory.
c. epigenetic theory.
d. sociocultural theory.
c. epigenetic theory
According to Freud, each stage of development in the first six years of life is characterized by:
a. sexual pleasure.
b. psychosocial conflict.
c. inappropriate sexual behavior.
d. classical conditioning.
a. sexual pleasure
A major difference between Erikson and Freud is that:
a. Freud emphasized psychosexual development, whereas Erikson emphasized psychosocial development.
b. Freud emphasized adulthood, whereas Erikson emphasized childhood.
c. Freud emphasized the child’s relationship to the family, whereas Erikson emphasized the child’s relationship to his or her own sexual urges.
d. Freud thought that fathers had little role in development, whereas Erikson saw fathers as central to development.
a. Freud emphasized psychosexual development, whereas Erikson emphasized psychosocial development
At what age does Erikson’s stage of identity versus role confusion occur?
a. infancy
b. school-age
c. adolescence
d. adulthood
c. adolescence
Behaviorists are also referred to as:
a. analytical theorists.
b. cognitive theorists.
c. learning theorists.
d. eclectic theorists.
c. learning theorists
The type of learning in which either a reinforcement or punishment follows a particular behavior is called:
a. operant conditioning.
b. classical conditioning.
c. respondent conditioning.
d. Pavlovian conditioning.
a. operant conditioning
Social learning theory was first described by:
a. Bandura.
b. Freud.
c. Erikson.
d. Piaget.
a. Bandura
In which of Piaget’s stages would one expect to see the development of an interest in ethics, politics, and social and moral issues?
a. concrete operational
b. symbolic
c. formal operational
d. logical
c. formal operational
Five-year-old Jada is learning to speak Dutch. In this example, what would be the primary domain of development?
a. psychosocial
b. biological
c. cognitive
d. physical
c. cognitive
In an experiment, tests of significance are used to:
a. determine whether the results are scientifically important.
b. indicate how much one variable affects another.
c. indicate whether the results might have occurred by chance.
d. indicate effect size.
c. indicate whether the results might have occurred by chance
Each molecule of DNA is called a(n):
a. ovum.
b. zygote.
c. cell.
d. chromosome.
d. chromosome
The basic unit on a chromosome used for the transmission of heredity is called a(n):
a. gene.
b. RNA.
c. cell.
d. protein.
a. gene
A person’s genetic inherited potential is called the _______, while a person’s actual appearance and behavior is called the ________.
a. phenotype; genotype
b. autotype; phenotype
c. somatotype; genotype
d. genotype; phenotype
d. genotype; phenotype
The full set of genes for a living organism is called a:
a. genome.
b. cell.
c. DNA.
d. zygote.
a. genome
The chromosomal makeup of a typical female is:
a. YY.
b. XX.
c. XY.
d. YO.
b. XX
_____ genes influence the phenotype.
a. Regulator
b. Non-additive
c. Additive
d. Dominant
c. Additive
Traits affected by many factors, both genetic and environmental, are referred to as:
a. acquired.
b. multifactorial.
c. polygenic.
d. invariant.
b. multifactorial
The neural tube eventually develops into:
a. the visual system.
b. the spinal cord.
c. the skeletal system.
d. the cardiovascular system
b. spinal cord
Differentiation occurs when:
a. the sperm and ovum meet.
b. the material from both gametes meshes together.
c. the zygote reaches the four-cell stage.
d. cells begin to specialize.
d. cells begin to specialize
The organ that develops within the pregnant woman’s uterus to protect and nourish the developing prenatal organism is called the:
a. amniotic sac.
b. placenta.
c. umbilical cord.
d. outer cell wall.
b. placenta
The stage of prenatal development that takes place during weeks three through eight is the:
a. blastocystic.
b. embryonic.
c. fetal.
d. germinal.
b. embryonic
Which of the following happens during the fetal period?
a. Implantation begins.
b. The neural tube forms.
c. The blastocyst becomes an embryo.
d. The genitals develop.
d. the genitals develop
The prenatal term “viability” means:
a. survival without medical intervention is possible.
b. the lungs have developed sufficiently to function without help.
c. life outside the womb is possible.
d. brain development is complete.
c. life outside the womb is possible
The Apgar scale measures all of the following except:
a. heart rate.
b. color.
c. size.
d. respiratory effect.
c. size
Which term describes feelings of inadequacy and sadness following the birth of a baby?
a. parental alliance
b. teratogen effect
c. interaction effect
d. postpartum depression
d. postpartum depression
A person with three copies of chromosome 21 has:
a. fragile X syndrome.
b. Klinefelter syndrome.
c. Down syndrome.
d. Prader-Willi syndrome.
c. Down syndrome
Which disorder may cause a person to have uncontrollable tics and explosive verbal outbursts?
a. Tay-Sachs disease
b. Down syndrome
c. Tourette syndrome
d. phenylketonuria (PKU)
c. Tourette syndrome
What is anoxia?
a. lack of oxygen during birth
b. lack of emotional support during labor
c. toxins in the bloodstream
d. brain damage
a. lack of oxygen during birth
Which of the following substances, in moderation, has NOT been associated with fetal abnormalities?
a. inhaled solvents.
b. tobacco.
c. caffeine.
d. alcohol.
c. caffeine
A preterm baby is born ____ or more weeks before the full 38 weeks of a typical pregnancy.
a. one
b. two
c. three
d. All of these answers are correct.
c. three
What of the following is NOT a potential cause of LBW (low birthweight)?
a. food insecurity
b. increasing rates of assisted reproduction
c. drug use
d. prenatal care
d. prenatal care
