Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Life span And Development > Chapter 1 and 2 study guide > Flashcards

Chapter 1 and 2 study guide Flashcards

1
Q

A theory of human development that studies observable behavior. Behaviorism is also called learning theory because it describes the laws and processes by which behavior is learned.

A

behaviorism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

An in-depth study of one person, usually requiring personal interviews to collect background information and various follow-up discussions, tests, questionnaires, and so on.

A

case study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

A learning process in which a meaningful stimulus (such as the smell of food to a hungry animal) gradually comes to be connected with a neutral stimulus (such as a particular sound) that had no special meaning before the learning process began. (Also called respondent conditioning.)

A

Classical conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

A learning process in which a meaningful stimulus (such as the smell of food to a hungry animal) gradually comes to be connected with a neutral stimulus (such as a particular sound) that had no special meaning before the learning process began. (Also called respondent conditioning.)

A

cognitive theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

A group defined by the shared age of its members, who, because they were born at about the same time, move through life together, experiencing the same historical events and cultural shifts.

A

cohort

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

According to behaviorism, the processes by which responses become linked to particular stimuli and learning takes place. The word conditioning is used to emphasize the importance of repeated practice, as when an athlete conditions his or her body to perform well by training for a long time.

A

conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

A number that indicates the degree of relationship between two variables, expressed in terms of the likelihood that one variable will (or will not) occur when the other variable does (or does not). A correlation indicates only that two variables are related, not that one variable causes the other to occur.

A

correlation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

A time when a particular type of developmental growth (in body or behavior) must happen if it is ever going to happen.

A

critical period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the science of human development seek to understand?

A

how and why people change over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which of the following is TRUE of the scientific method?

a. Scientific studies should not be repeated, because this wastes time and resources.
b. Research findings should be made available to other scientists.
c. It is unnecessary for hypotheses to be clearly phrased.
d. Conclusions should be based on subjective interpretation.

A

b. Research findings should be made available to other scientists.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Most developmental psychologists believe that development is the result of:

A

nature and nurture working together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Language learning is considered a:

A

sensitive period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

With age, people experience losses in some domains and gains in others. This is consistent with the ____________ nature of development

A

multidirectional because multiple changes, in every direction, characterize the life span

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which of the following is not associated with Urie Bronfenbrenner?

a. mastosystems
b. microsystems
c. exosystems
d. macrosystems

A

a. mastosystems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which of the following is an example of an exosystem?

a. family
b. historical setting
c. church
d. political climate

A

c. church

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which of the following theories places the greatest emphasis on the interaction between genes and the environment?

a. psychoanalytic
b. cognitive
c. sociocultural
d. epigenetic

A

d. epigenetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Psychoanalytic theory originated with:

a. B. F. Skinner.
b. Erik Erikson.
c. Sigmund Freud.
d. Ivan Pavlov.

A

c. Sigmund Freud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In Erikson’s industry versus inferiority stage, children try to:

a. master new skills.
b. make sense out of their lives.
c. develop intimacy.
d. seek companionship and love.

A

a. master new skills.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Each of Erikson’s developmental stages is characterized by a particular challenge or:

A

developmental crisis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Behaviorism is also called:

a. learning theory.
b. sexual theory.
c. emotional theory.
d. cognitive theory.

A

a. learning theory.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

. Pavlov’s experiment in which he conditioned dogs to salivate after hearing a bell demonstrated what he called:

a. operant conditioning.
b. psychoanalysis.
c. classical conditioning.
d. instrumental conditioning

A

classical conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

In social learning theory, modeling is a process by which people:

a. accommodate and assimilate social experiences.
b. observe the actions of others and then copy them.
c. change themselves to adapt to the social context.
d. gain knowledge about themselves and their place in the world

A

b. observe the actions of others and then copy them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

According to behaviorists, almost all daily behavior, from combing your hair to joking with friends, is a result of past:

a. classical conditioning.
b. operant conditioning.
c. social learning.
d. positive reinforcement.

A

b. operant conditioning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Piaget was primarily interested in:

a. what type of behavior was modeled for children.
b. the unconscious urges of children.
c. how children think.
d. what children know.

A

c. how children think

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What research method is used in order to establish what causes a behavior?

a. correlation
b. an experiment
c. a case study
d. scientific observation

A

c. case study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Chromosomes are molecules of:

a. additive genes.
b. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
c. karyotypes.
d. phenotypes.

A

b. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is a zygote?

a. a cell that is formed from the sperm and the ovum
b. a chromosomal abnormality
c. a pair of twins
d. a group of imprinted genes

A

a. cell that is formed from the sperm and the ovum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How many molecules of DNA make up a chromosome?

a. 23
b. 26
c. 46
d. None of the answers are correct.

A

c. 46

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the observable characteristics of a person, such as appearance and personality, called?

a. genotype
b. chromotype
c. phenotype
d. karotype

A

c. phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

A genome is:

a. a full set of instructions to make a living organism.
b. a section of a chromosome.
c. the manufacturer of protein.
d. a reproductive cell that combines to make a zygote.

A

a. a full set of instructions to make a living organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What chromosomal pair determines a person’s sex?

a. 20th
b. 21st
c. 22nd
d. 23rd

A

d. 23

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Most human traits are affected by a number of genes. In other words, they are:

a. polygenic.
b. multifactorial.
c. dominant.
d. recessive.

A

a. polygenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Every ____________ gene contributes something to phenotype.

a. additive
b. nonadditive
c. recessive
d. X-linked

A

a. additive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What can stem cells do?

a. influence a person’s environment
b. produce any type of cell
c. stimulate cell division
d. provide genetic instructions for mitosis and meiosis

A

b. produce any type of cell

35
Q

The neural tube eventually develops into:

a. the visual system.
b. the spinal cord.
c. the skeletal system.
d. the cardiovascular system.

A

b. the spinal cord

36
Q

All of the following occur during the germinal period except:

a. cell differentiation.
b. organ formation.
c. implantation.
d. cell duplication.

A

b. organ formation

37
Q

The age of viability is:

a. the age at which the fetus can, with specialized medical care, survive outside the uterus.
b. the moment when fusion occurs and the zygote is formed.
c. the age at which the embryo becomes a fetus.
d. the age at which a woman can conceive a child.

A

a. the age at which the fetus can, with specialized medical, survive outside the uterus

38
Q

The Apgar scale measures the:

a. adequacy of prenatal growth.
b. duration of labor.
c. newborn’s condition following birth.
d. intensity of pain during labor.

A

c. newborn’s condition following birth

39
Q

A doula is a woman trained to support women going through:

a. divorce.
b. cancer.
c. labor.
d. profound loss.

A

c. labor

40
Q

What percentage of U.S. women experience postpartum depression?

a. two percent
b. three to eight percent
c. eight to 15 percent
d. 15 to 20 percent

A

c. eight to 15 percent

41
Q

Down syndrome is a condition in which an individual has three copies of:

a. chromosome 47.
b. chromosome 21.
c. the X chromosome.
d. the Y chromosome.

A

b. chromosome 21

42
Q

Carriers of the sickle-cell trait are:

a. less likely to die of malaria.
b. more likely to suffer from malaria.
c. more likely to be affected by fragile X syndrome.
d. less likely to be affected by fragile X syndrome.

A

a. less likely to die of malaria

43
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome is associated with:

a. abnormal facial features.
b. an abnormally large head.
c. malformation of limbs.
d. no abnormalities.

A

a. abnormal facial features

44
Q

Low birthweight (LBW) is defined as a body weight less than ____ at birth.

a. three pounds
b. five and one-half pounds
c. seven pounds
d. 10 pounds

A

b. five and one-half pounds

45
Q

A baby described as small for gestational age (SGA):

a. is a premature baby.
b. weighs less than three pounds at birth.
c. always has chromosomal abnormalities.
d. weighs significantly lower than expected.

A

d. weighs significantly lower than expected

46
Q

What is the first step of the scientific method?

a. draw conclusions
b. test the hypothesis
c. pose a question
d. develop a hypothesis

A

c. pose a question

47
Q

In the science of human development, “nurture” refers to:

a. universal traits.
b. biological traits.
c. environmental influences.
d. unique traits.

A

c. environmental influences

48
Q

The idea that change does not always occur in a straight line defines the _____ characteristic of development.

a. multicontextual
b. multicultural
c. plasticity
d. multidirectional

A

d. multidirectional

49
Q

Language learning is considered a:

a. continuous process.
b. sensitive period.
c. critical period.
d. socioeconomic factor.

A

b. sensitive period

50
Q

Throughout his life, Bronfenbrenner:

a. ignored the impact of the mesosystem.
b. did not acknowledge how systems interacted.
c. emphasized studying humans in natural settings.
d. argued against the bioecological perspective.

A

c. emphasized studying humans in natural settings

51
Q

The microsystem includes:

a. school and church.
b. local institutions.
c. family and peers.
d. larger social settings.

A

c. family peers

52
Q

What does “socioeconomic status” refer to?

a. race
b. culture
c. social class
d. cohort

A

c. social class

53
Q

Epigenetic theory arises from:

a. biology, genetics, and history.
b. education, anthropology, and history.
c. education, biology, and genetics.
d. biology, genetics, and neuroscience.

A

d. biology, genetics, and neuroscience

54
Q

Development is the result of interaction between biological and environmental forces. This statement most closely describes:

a. behaviorist theory.
b. psychoanalytic theory.
c. epigenetic theory.
d. sociocultural theory.

A

c. epigenetic theory

55
Q

According to Freud, each stage of development in the first six years of life is characterized by:

a. sexual pleasure.
b. psychosocial conflict.
c. inappropriate sexual behavior.
d. classical conditioning.

A

a. sexual pleasure

56
Q

A major difference between Erikson and Freud is that:

a. Freud emphasized psychosexual development, whereas Erikson emphasized psychosocial development.
b. Freud emphasized adulthood, whereas Erikson emphasized childhood.
c. Freud emphasized the child’s relationship to the family, whereas Erikson emphasized the child’s relationship to his or her own sexual urges.
d. Freud thought that fathers had little role in development, whereas Erikson saw fathers as central to development.

A

a. Freud emphasized psychosexual development, whereas Erikson emphasized psychosocial development

57
Q

At what age does Erikson’s stage of identity versus role confusion occur?

a. infancy
b. school-age
c. adolescence
d. adulthood

A

c. adolescence

58
Q

Behaviorists are also referred to as:

a. analytical theorists.
b. cognitive theorists.
c. learning theorists.
d. eclectic theorists.

A

c. learning theorists

59
Q

The type of learning in which either a reinforcement or punishment follows a particular behavior is called:

a. operant conditioning.
b. classical conditioning.
c. respondent conditioning.
d. Pavlovian conditioning.

A

a. operant conditioning

60
Q

Social learning theory was first described by:

a. Bandura.
b. Freud.
c. Erikson.
d. Piaget.

A

a. Bandura

61
Q

In which of Piaget’s stages would one expect to see the development of an interest in ethics, politics, and social and moral issues?

a. concrete operational
b. symbolic
c. formal operational
d. logical

A

c. formal operational

62
Q

Five-year-old Jada is learning to speak Dutch. In this example, what would be the primary domain of development?

a. psychosocial
b. biological
c. cognitive
d. physical

A

c. cognitive

63
Q

In an experiment, tests of significance are used to:

a. determine whether the results are scientifically important.
b. indicate how much one variable affects another.
c. indicate whether the results might have occurred by chance.
d. indicate effect size.

A

c. indicate whether the results might have occurred by chance

64
Q

Each molecule of DNA is called a(n):

a. ovum.
b. zygote.
c. cell.
d. chromosome.

A

d. chromosome

65
Q

The basic unit on a chromosome used for the transmission of heredity is called a(n):

a. gene.
b. RNA.
c. cell.
d. protein.

A

a. gene

66
Q

A person’s genetic inherited potential is called the _______, while a person’s actual appearance and behavior is called the ________.

a. phenotype; genotype
b. autotype; phenotype
c. somatotype; genotype
d. genotype; phenotype

A

d. genotype; phenotype

67
Q

The full set of genes for a living organism is called a:

a. genome.
b. cell.
c. DNA.
d. zygote.

A

a. genome

68
Q

The chromosomal makeup of a typical female is:

a. YY.
b. XX.
c. XY.
d. YO.

A

b. XX

69
Q

_____ genes influence the phenotype.

a. Regulator
b. Non-additive
c. Additive
d. Dominant

A

c. Additive

70
Q

Traits affected by many factors, both genetic and environmental, are referred to as:

a. acquired.
b. multifactorial.
c. polygenic.
d. invariant.

A

b. multifactorial

71
Q

The neural tube eventually develops into:

a. the visual system.
b. the spinal cord.
c. the skeletal system.
d. the cardiovascular system

A

b. spinal cord

72
Q

Differentiation occurs when:

a. the sperm and ovum meet.
b. the material from both gametes meshes together.
c. the zygote reaches the four-cell stage.
d. cells begin to specialize.

A

d. cells begin to specialize

73
Q

The organ that develops within the pregnant woman’s uterus to protect and nourish the developing prenatal organism is called the:

a. amniotic sac.
b. placenta.
c. umbilical cord.
d. outer cell wall.

A

b. placenta

74
Q

The stage of prenatal development that takes place during weeks three through eight is the:

a. blastocystic.
b. embryonic.
c. fetal.
d. germinal.

A

b. embryonic

75
Q

Which of the following happens during the fetal period?

a. Implantation begins.
b. The neural tube forms.
c. The blastocyst becomes an embryo.
d. The genitals develop.

A

d. the genitals develop

76
Q

The prenatal term “viability” means:

a. survival without medical intervention is possible.
b. the lungs have developed sufficiently to function without help.
c. life outside the womb is possible.
d. brain development is complete.

A

c. life outside the womb is possible

77
Q

The Apgar scale measures all of the following except:

a. heart rate.
b. color.
c. size.
d. respiratory effect.

A

c. size

78
Q

Which term describes feelings of inadequacy and sadness following the birth of a baby?

a. parental alliance
b. teratogen effect
c. interaction effect
d. postpartum depression

A

d. postpartum depression

79
Q

A person with three copies of chromosome 21 has:

a. fragile X syndrome.
b. Klinefelter syndrome.
c. Down syndrome.
d. Prader-Willi syndrome.

A

c. Down syndrome

80
Q

Which disorder may cause a person to have uncontrollable tics and explosive verbal outbursts?

a. Tay-Sachs disease
b. Down syndrome
c. Tourette syndrome
d. phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

c. Tourette syndrome

81
Q

What is anoxia?

a. lack of oxygen during birth
b. lack of emotional support during labor
c. toxins in the bloodstream
d. brain damage

A

a. lack of oxygen during birth

82
Q

Which of the following substances, in moderation, has NOT been associated with fetal abnormalities?

a. inhaled solvents.
b. tobacco.
c. caffeine.
d. alcohol.

A

c. caffeine

83
Q

A preterm baby is born ____ or more weeks before the full 38 weeks of a typical pregnancy.

a. one
b. two
c. three
d. All of these answers are correct.

A

c. three

84
Q

What of the following is NOT a potential cause of LBW (low birthweight)?

a. food insecurity
b. increasing rates of assisted reproduction
c. drug use
d. prenatal care

A

d. prenatal care

Life span And Development (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions