Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Life span And Development > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

life starts as a single cell called a

A

zygote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the single cell that is formed from the fusing of two gametes, a sperm and an ovum

A

zygotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

is distinct form any other human cell ever created and the cell contains genes that have passed down for 1000s of years

A

zygotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

all living things are composed of cells that promote growth and sustain life according to instructions in their molecule of

A

DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid

A

DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the molecule that contains the chemical instructions for cells to manufacture various proteins

A

DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Each molecule of DNA is called a

A

chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

contain units of instructions and consists of 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs

A

chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Chromosomes contain units of instructions called

A

genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

One of the 46 molecules of DNA (in 23 pairs) that each cell of the human body contains and that, together contain all the genes. Other species have more or fewer of these

A

chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Each______ is located on a particular chromosome

A

gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Additional _____and ______ another ______ surrounds each gene

A

DNA and RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

A small section of a chromosome the basic unit for the transmission of heredity. A gene consists of a string of chemicals that provide instructions for the cell to manufacture certain proteins

A

gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

this material enhances, transcribes, connects, empowers, silences and alters genes

A

methylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The nongenetic material used to be called junk but no longer

A

methylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

continues throughout life, and it can alter a gene’s expression even after a period is born, is a part of epigenetics.

A

methylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

the one important exception, every cell of each human being has copies of that person’s 46 chromosomes, arranged in 23 pairs, that one exception is

A

gamete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

the reproductive cell

A

gamete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

sperm in a man and ovum in a woman–has only 23 chromosomes, one from each of a person’s 23 pairs of chromosomes

A

gamete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

A reproductive cell; that is a sperm or an ovum that can produce a new individual if it combines with a gamete from the other sex to form a zygote

A

gamete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

At conception the ______ on each chromosome of the _____ match with ______ on the same chromosome of the ________

A

genes, sperm, genes, ovum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

small variations or repetitions are called

A

copy number variations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

any of the possible forms in which a gene for a particular trait can occur

A

allele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Every zygote inherits ______ from its sperm or ovum which means that

A

allele, many gene pits do not exactly match in every triplet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What occurs as the gametes form

A

mutation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

For each individual, the collection of his or her genes is called the

A

genotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

a person’s actual appearance and behavior, reflects much more that the genotype

A

phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

is the beginning of diversity

A

genotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

is the actual manifestation of diversity

A

phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

only distinguishes each person

A

genetic diversity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

the entire package of instruction that make a living organism is called the

A

genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

a worldwide effort to map all the human genes led to the

A

Human Genome Project

33
Q

What was the first surprise of the Human Genome Project

A

that any two men or women of whatever ethnicity share 99.5 percent f their genetic codes

34
Q

project aimed to spot all the variations in the human genome

A

HapMap

35
Q

has found 11 million differences among the 3 billion possible chemical pairs of humans

A

HapMap

36
Q

Why is HapMap research problematic

A

much remains to be understood about the connections between alleles in the genotype and actual characteristics of the phenotype. The sheer number of variations is daunting. scientist know that “genomics is not destiny.”
If genomic sequence determines anything behaviorally, it determines diversity.

37
Q

each gamete consist of

A

23 chromosomes

38
Q

means the child sex is not clear

A

ambiguous genitals

39
Q

In 22 of the we pairs of human chromosomes that each person inherits, the chromosomes of each pair are closely match. They are called_______ and they could be inherited by male or female

A

autosomes

40
Q

Two gametes (sperm and ovum) combine and produce a new individual with 23 chromosomes from each parent.

A

zygote

41
Q

Genes are passed down from generation to generation.

A

Genotype and Phenotype

42
Q

An organism’s genetic inheritance, or genetic potential

Unique for each organism

A

genotype

43
Q

The observable characteristics of an organism, including appearance, personality, intelligence, and all other traits

A

phenotype

44
Q

Genetic Variations and Similarities Overall

A

Many genes are identical for every human being.

Some genes vary slightly in their codes from one person to another.

45
Q

Genetic Variations and Similarities Alleles

A

Variation of a gene or any of the possible forms in which a gene for a particular trait can occur.
Effects of variations vary greatly from causing life-threatening conditions to having no detectable effect at all.

46
Q

Distinguishes each person

Allows the human species to adapt to pressures of the environment (e.g., climate changes, illnesses)

A

genetic diversity

47
Q

Involves the full set of genes that are the instructions to make an individual member of a certain species
Similarity between two people: 99.5%
Similarity between humans and chimpanzees: 98%
Similarity between humans and every other mammal: 90%

A

genome

48
Q

Found “only” about 20,000 genes in humans

Exact number is unknown

A

Human Genome Project

49
Q

Involves international project trying to spot all variations in the human genome
Found 11 million variations among the 3 billion chemical pairs

A

HapMap

50
Q

22 of 23 closely matched, human chromosomes

Can be inherited by a male or female

A

autosome

51
Q

XX

XY

A

23 pair

52
Q

a 23rd chromosome pair that consists of two X-shaped chromosome, one each from the mother and the father ____ zygotes becomes females

A

XX

53
Q

A 23rd chromosome pair that consists of an X-shaped chromosome from the mother and a Y-shaped chromosome from the father_____zygotes become males

A

XY

54
Q

Any given couple can produce four possible combinations of sex chromosomes; two lead to female children and two to male. True or False

A

True

55
Q

In terms of the future person’s sex, it does not matter which of the mother’s Xs the zygote inherited.

A

True

56
Q

All that matters is whether the father’s Y sperm or X sperm fertilized the ovum.

A

True

57
Q

However, for X-linked conditions it matters a great deal because typically one, but not both, of the mother’s Xs carries the trait

A

True

58
Q

The SRY gene not only directs the embryo to grow a penis, it also directs hormone production that affects the brain, skeleton, body fat, muscles, and much else from the moment of conception to the last breath in old age. influences that make for more sex differences than might be expected from .00005 of the genome.

A

True

59
Q

Sex differences originate from one gene called one one chromosome

A

SRY

60
Q

What is the one major exception to genetic diversity?

A

Although every zygote is generally unique not every newborn is, 1 in every 250 conceptions the zygote duplicates but splits apart completely creating two, or four, or even eight separate zygotes, each genetically identical to that first dingle cell

61
Q

Each sibling gets abut 10,000 genes from each parent.
Millions of variations and billions of combinations are possible.
Full siblings are not necessarily alike.

A

sibling similarities

62
Q

Originate from one zygote that splits apart very early in development
Incomplete split results in conjoined twins.
Same genotype but slight variations in phenotype are possible due to environmental influences.

A

Monozygotic twins

63
Q

twins who originate from one zygote that splits apart very early in development. Also called identical twins

A

monozygotic twins

64
Q

What does an incomplete split of the zygote create?

A

conjoined twins, formerly known as Siamese twins

65
Q

Result from fertilization of two separate ova by two separate sperm.
Dizygotic twins have half their genes in common and occur twice as often as monozygotic twins.
Incidence is genetic and varies by ethnicity and age.

A

Dizygotic twins

66
Q

twins who are formed when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time

A

dizygotic twins also know as fraternal twins

67
Q

44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes
Females: XX
Males: XY
Sex of offspring depends on whether the father’s Y sperm or X sperm fertilizes the ovum.

A

Humans usually possess 46 chromosomes.

68
Q

affected by many genes

A

polygenetic

69
Q

influenced by many factors

A

multifactorial

70
Q

Direct the interactions of other genes, controlling their genetic expression, duplication, and transcription

A

regulator genes

71
Q

Genes that add something to some aspect of the phenotype
Add up to make the phenotype
Example
Height is affected by the contributions of about 100 genes.

A

additive genes

72
Q

genes that do not contribute equal shares

A

non additive genes

73
Q

one nonadditive form of heredity, alleles interact in a

A

dominant-recessive pattern

74
Q

Dominant gene is far more influential than the recessive gene (non-additive).
Dominant gene can completely control the phenotype with no noticeable effect of recessive gene.
Effect of recessive genes can sometimes be noticed.

A

dominant-recessive heredity

75
Q

the interaction of a pair of alleles in such a way that the phenotype reveals the influence of one allele (the dominant gene) more than that of the other (recessive gene)

A

dominant-recessive pattern

76
Q

When someone inherits a recessive gene that is not expressed in the phenotype, that person is said to be

A

carrier of that recessive gene

77
Q

A gene carried on the X chromosome. If a male inherits an X-linked recessive trait from his mother, he expresses that trait because the Y from his father has no counteracting gene. Females are more likely to be carriers of X-linked traits but are less likely to express them.

A

X-linked

78
Q

If an _________ gene is recessive —as are the genes for most forms of color blindness, many allergies, several diseases ( including hemophilia and Duchenne ________ _________ and some ________ _________ the that it is on the ___________ is critical.

A

X-linked, muscular dystrophy, learning disabilities, X-chromosomes

Life span And Development (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions