chapter weak points Flashcards
What limits the range of animal forms?
Laws governing strength, diffusion, and heat exchange
What adaptations help animals maximize exchange?
Flattened shape, thin cell layers, and extensively branched or folded surfaces
What is the role of the basement membrane?
Anchors epithelial tissue to connective tissue
Where are simple cuboidal epithelial cells found, and what do they do?
Found in kidney tubules and glands; absorb nutrients and produce secretions
What is pseudostratified columnar epithelium, and where is it found?
A single layer of cells with varying heights; may be ciliated; found lining the respiratory tract
what are glands made of and what do they form?
made of epithelial tissue; form endocrine/exocrine glands
What are the key functions of connective tissue?
Makes up the skeleton, delivers oxygen and nutrients, holds the body together
what does loose connective tissue do?
binds epithelium to tissue, holds organs in place
what do fibers do?
provide support and structure to shapeless ground structure
Why do animals need to consume food?
For energy and the assembly of molecules, cells, and tissues
What is undernutrition, and what are its effects?
A diet that doesn’t provide enough chemical energy, leading the body to break down stored fat, carbohydrates, and eventually proteins
What part of the nervous system regulates digestion?
The enteric division regulates churning, peristalsis, and gastric juice release
How does the endocrine system regulate digestion?
It releases hormones from the stomach and duodenum to control digestive secretions
What type of feedback does leptin give?
negative
How do gut bacteria help digestion?
Produce vitamins.
Regulate intestinal epithelium development.
Support innate immune function.
What is the function of the pancreas in digestion?
Produces an alkaline solution that neutralizes stomach acid
Secretes digestive enzymes.
What is the function of the liver in digestion?
Produces bile, which helps emulsify fats.
What are the functions of the liver in nutrient distribution?
Regulates nutrient distribution.
Detoxifies harmful substances.
Stores energy-rich molecules.
