Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC 301L > Chapter Two - Cognitive Neuroscience > Flashcards

Chapter Two - Cognitive Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of experiments involved in studying the mind?

A
  1. behavioral experiments

2. physiological experiments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is cognitive neuroscience?

A
  • study of physiological basis of cognition

- understanding of nervous system + individual units that comprise that system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are examples/methods of the behavioral approach?

A
  • measures relationship between stimuli and behavior
  • RT
  • proportion of errors
  • verbal protocols/self report
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are examples/methods of the physiological approach?

A
  • measures relationship between physiology and behavior
  • EEG/ERP
  • heart rate, skin conductance etc.
  • PET
  • fMRI
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the variables of the memory consolidation study?

A

independent:
group 1: learned words right before sleep
group 2: learned words long before sleep

dependent: memory (percent forgotten) 2 days later

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What were the behavioral results of the memory consolidation ex.?

A

awake group showed higher percent of forgetting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What were the physiological results of the memory consolidation ex.?

A
  • differential brain activity in the hippocampus
  • increase in sleep group
  • decrease in awake group
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What did anatomists first believe the structure of the brain to be?

A

continuous nerve net

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What did Camillo Golgi find in 1870 with better staining techniques?

A

structure of a neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What method did Santiago Ramon y Cajol use?

A

-Golgi’s staining technique on tissue from brains of newborn animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What was Ramon y Cajol’s major idea?

A

neuron doctrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the neuron doctrine?

A
  • individual cells transmit signals in nervous system

- cells not continuous with other cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are Caja’s 4 major findings?

A
  1. synapses
  2. neural circuits
  3. receptors
  4. specialized cells to create, receive + transmit info
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

dendrites

A
  • multiple branches reaching from cell body

- receive info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

cell body

A
  • contains mechanisms to keep cell alive

- contains nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

myelin sheath

A
  • fatty tissue
  • electrical insulator
  • facilitates propagation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

nodes of ranvier

A
  • gaps in myelin

- regenerates AP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

synapse

A
  • junction between nerve cells

- diffusion of NT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

axon

A

-tube that transmits AP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are microelectrodes?

A

-small shafts of conductive solution that pick up electrical signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the 2 parts of a microelectrode?

A
  1. recording electrode: recording tip inside nueron

2. reference electrode: located some distance away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is resting potential?

A

-difference in potential between 2 electrodes when neuron is not firing
(-70 mV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the voltage of a neuron when an AP fires?

A

+40mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is an action potential?

A

-mechanism through which info is transmitted in the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Each action potential travels down axon without changing its _____ or ______

A

height or shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is a synapse?

A

-space between axon of one neuron + dendrite of another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What happens when the AP reaches the end of the axon?

A
  • synaptic vesicles open

- release chemical NT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What do NT do once released?

A
  • cross synapse

- bind with receiving dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

-chemicals that affect electrical signal of receiving neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is an excitatory NT?

A

increases chance neuron will fire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is an inhibitory NT?

A

decreases chance neuron will fire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

do all signals lead to action potentials?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

When does an action potential result?

A

-only if threshold level is reached

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

rate of neural firing is related to _____ of stimulation which in turn is relation to the_____ of the ______

A
  • intensity

- magnitude of the experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Is everything a person experiences based on direct contact with stimuli?

A
  • no

- representations in person’s nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What did Hubel + Wiesel study?

A

representation in one neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are feature detectors?

A

neurons that response best to a specific stimulus

EX: orientation, movement, lenght

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What did Charles Gross do?

A

-performed experiment in which he recorded form single neurons in monkey’s temporal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What did Charles Gross find?

A
  • found neurons that refused to respond to any “simple” stimuli of lines, circles etc.
  • neuron fired in mistake to hand shadow
  • found neurons that only respond to faces
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the difference between neurons in visual cortex + neurons in temporal lobe?

A

visual cortex: simple shapes

temporal lobe: complex geometrical stimuli

41
Q

What is hierarchical processing?

A

-ascension from lower to higher levels in brain corresponds to perceiving objects that move from simple to higher levels of complexity

42
Q

What is sensory coding?

A

how neurons represent various characteristics of the environment

43
Q

What is specificity coding?

A
  • representation of a specific stimulus

- by firing of specifically tuned neurons specialized to just respond to a specific stimulus

44
Q

What is population coding?

A
  • representation of a particular object

- by the pattern of firing of a large number of neurons

45
Q

What is sparse coding?

A
  • when a particular object is represented by a pattern of firing only a small group of neurons
  • majority of neurons remaining silent
46
Q

what does localization of function mean?

A

specific functions are served by specific areas of the brain

47
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A
  • 3mm thick layer that covers the brain

- contains mechanisms responsible for most of our cognitive functions

48
Q

ipsilateral

A

same side

49
Q

contralateral

A

opposite side

50
Q

bilateral

A

both sides

51
Q

unilateral

A

one side

52
Q

proximal

A

close to trunk

53
Q

distal

A

far from trunt

54
Q

efferent

A

away from

55
Q

afferent

A

towards

56
Q

What are 3 planes of bisection?

A
  1. coronal
  2. axial
  3. sagittal
57
Q

What is grey matter?

A

contains nerve cell bodies

58
Q

what is white matter?

A

contains myelinated axons

59
Q

What are the 4 lobes?

A

frontal - reasoning, planning, language
parietal - integrating sensory info, touch, temp
temporal - auditory, language, memory, smell
occipital - visual

60
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A
  • language production impaired

- left frontal lobe

61
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A
  • language comprehension impaired

- left temporal lobe

62
Q

What did studies of soldiers in WW1 show?

A

-damage to occipital lobe results in blindness

63
Q

What is the result of damage to the left part of visual cortex?

A

-blindness in upper right part of visual space

64
Q

What is prosopagnosia?

A

-an inability to recognize faces

65
Q

What is alexia?

A

inability to recognize text, read

66
Q

What is semantic agnosia?

A

object blind

67
Q

What is tactile agnosia?

A

inability to feel touch

68
Q

What is double dissociation?

A
  • damage to one part of brain causes function A to be absent while function B is present
  • damage to another area causes function B to be absent while function A is present
69
Q

What does double dissociation allow us to conclude?

A
  • function A and B served by different mechanisms

- operate independently

70
Q

What is a benefit of double dissociation?

A

-allows us to identify functions that are controlled by different parts of the brain

71
Q

How does double dissociation work with faces?

A
  • can’t recognize faces (function A)

- can recognize objects (function B)

72
Q

What is MRI?

A
  • magnetic resonance imaging

- images structures within brain

73
Q

What is an fMRI?

A
  • functional magnetic resonance imaging

- determines neural activity/functioning of the brain via blow flow

74
Q

How is blood flow measured?

A
  • oxygen in blood carried by hemoglobin

- hemoglobin contains a ferrous molecule (iron)

75
Q

What happens in areas of activity during an fMRI?

A
  • more oxygen used
  • more iron
  • more magnetic signal
76
Q

What are 3 advantages of MRI?

A
  1. good spatial resolution
  2. no radiation
  3. differentiates tissues
77
Q

What are 3 disadvantages of MRI?

A
  1. expensive
  2. can’t have metal
  3. takes longer (than CT)
78
Q

What does an fMRI measure?

A
  • Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD)
  • measures probabily that region has increased blood flow according to Z/Tscores
  • quantifiable difference
  • NOT SEEING ACTUAL BLOOD FLOW
79
Q

What are 3 types of neuroimaging experimental designs?

A
  1. block design
  2. event-related design
  3. resting state
80
Q

What does the FFA respond to?

A
  • fusiform face area

- responds specifically to faces

81
Q

Where is the FFA?

A

temporal lobe

82
Q

What is happens when there is damage to the FFA?

A

prosopagnosia

83
Q

What is the PPA?

A
  • parahippocampal place area

- responds specifically to places (indoor/outdoor scenes)

84
Q

Where is the PPA?

A

-temporal lobe

85
Q

What is the EBA?

A
  • Extrastriate body area

- responds specifically to pics of bodies + parts of bodies (not faces)

86
Q

Where is the EBA?

A

-occipital lobe (visual cortex)

87
Q

What is distributed representation?

A

-specific functions processed by many different areas of the brain

88
Q

What is the two-stream hypothesis?

A

ventral + dorsal pathways

89
Q

What is the ventral pathway?

A
  • “what” pathway

- processes identity of perceived object

90
Q

What ist he dorsal pathway?

A
  • “where pathway”

- processes location of perceived object

91
Q

What are neural networks?

A
  • groups of neurons/structures

- connected + together allow for overall experience

92
Q

What is an example of a neural network?

A
  • pain network
    a. locational + sensory aspect
    b. emotional aspect
    c. significance
    d. attentional aspect
    e. memory
93
Q

What is functional connectivity?

A

-regions in brain that have similar patterns of activity over time

94
Q

What is structural connectivity?

A

-neuroanatomy, measures connectivity of neurons

95
Q

What is MVPA?

A
  • multivoxel pattern analysis
  • applies machine learning techniques to neuroimaging data
  • looks at distributed patterns of neural activity
96
Q

What are 3 things that MVPA allows us to do?

A
  • decode percepts/thoughts (mind reading)
  • decode brain patterns
  • characterize distributed representations
97
Q

What are 5 steps to MVPA analysis?

A
  1. acquire brain data in different conditions
  2. generate brain patterns of activity across voxels
  3. label patterns
  4. train a classifier
  5. apply classifier to new patterns
98
Q

What are 3 examples of MVPA?

A
  1. identifying emotion
  2. identifying neural markers of mental illness
  3. new understanding sensory processing in brain
99
Q

What are 3 common pitfalls of neuroimaging analysis?

A
  1. multiple comparison problems
  2. reverse inference
  3. voodoo correlates + double dipping

PSYC 301L (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions