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PSYC 301L > Chapter Three - Perception > Flashcards

Chapter Three - Perception Flashcards

1
Q

What is perception?

A

-experience resulting from stimulation of the senses

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2
Q

What are 3 basic concepts of perceptions?

A
  1. perceptions can change based on added info
  2. involves a process similar to reasoning/problem solving
  3. occur in conjunction with actions
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3
Q

Is human perception unique to humans?

A
  • possibly, yes

- AI has failed to match level of perception

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4
Q

What is the inverse projection problem?

A
  • task of determining object responsible for a particular image on retina
  • involves starting with retinal image
  • then extending outward to source of that image
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5
Q

Why is perception so difficult for a machine? (2)

A
  1. objects can be hidden or blurred

2. objects look different from different viewpoints (viewpoint invariance)

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6
Q

what is bottom-up processing?

A
  • start at bottom of system

- environmental energy stimulates receptor

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7
Q

what is top-down processing?

A
  • originates in brain
  • top of perceptual system
  • previous knowledge affects perception
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8
Q

What are direct perception theories?

A
  • bottom-up processing
  • perception starts with the senses
  • parts are put together
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9
Q

What are constructive perception theories?

A
  • top-down processing

- people actively construct perceptions using info based on expectations

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10
Q

What is an example of how top-down processing is involved in perception of objects?

A

-blurred blobs are identical but perceived as different objects due to orientation + context

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11
Q

What is speech segmentation?

A

-ability to tell when one word ends and another begins

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12
Q

How is top-down processing involved in speech?

A
  • hearing words in a sentence in a foreign language

- ability to pick out certain words based on context

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13
Q

What is the direct pathway model of pain?

A
  • early model, emphasized sensory receptors that send pain messages directly to the brain
  • bottom-up processing model
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14
Q

What pain phenomenon challenges bottom-up processing of pain?

A

the placebo effect

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15
Q

What is Helmholtz’s Theory of Unconscious Inference?

A
  • top-down theory
  • some perceptions are result of unconscious assumptions we make about environment
  • most of what we know about the world is an inference
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16
Q

What is the likelihood principle?

A

-perceive the world in way that is “most likely” based on our past experiences

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17
Q

What is the “Old” view of perceptual organization?

A
  • structuralism

- perception involves adding up sensations

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18
Q

What is the new view of perceptual organization?

A

Gestalt psychologists

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19
Q

What do Gestalt psychologists believe?

A

-mind groups patterns according to laws of perceptual organization

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20
Q

What is apparent movement?

A
  • movement is perceived even though nothing is moving

- whole is different than sum of its parts

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21
Q

What are the 3 Gestalt Laws of Perceptual Organization?

A
  1. Law of good continuation
  2. Law of pragnanz (simplicity/good figure)
  3. Law of similarity
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22
Q

What is the law of good continuation?

A

-lines tend to be seen as following the smoothest path

23
Q

What is the law of pragnanz?

A

-every stimulus pattern is seen so resulting structure is as simple as possible

24
Q

What is the law of similarity?

A

-similar things appear grouped together

25
Q

Gestalt laws often provide accurate information about properties of _________

A

the environment

26
Q

Where do the Gestalt Laws come from?

A
  • intrinsic

- role of experience is minor

27
Q

What do modern perceptual psychologists believe?

A

-perception is influenced by knowledge of regularities in environment (agreement with Helmholtz)

28
Q

What are physical regularities?

A

regularly occurring physical properties

29
Q

What are semantic regularities?

A

-characteristics associated with the functions carried out in different types of scenes

30
Q

What is the oblique effect?

A

-people can perceive verticals + horizontals more easily than other orientations

31
Q

What is the light-from-above assumption?

A
  • light comes from above

- perceive shadows to inform us about depth + distance

32
Q

What is a scene schema?

A

-knowledge of what a given scene ordinarily contains

EX: professor’s office

33
Q

What is perception according to the inferential approach?

A
  • given an image (input) + the knowledge about regularities of physical world
  • pick most probably interpretation of image
34
Q

What is Bayesian Inference?

A
  • one’s estimate of the probability of a given outcome is influenced by 2 factors:
    1. prior probability
    2. likelihood of a given outcome
35
Q

What are the 4 approaches to perception?

A
  1. Helmholtz’s unconscious inference
  2. Gestalt Laws of organization
  3. Regularities in the environment
  4. Bayesian inference
36
Q

Which of the 4 approaches to perception are bottom-up? Top-down?

A

Bottom-Up:
Gestalt Laws of Organization

Top-Down:
Helmholtz’s unconscious inference
regularities in environment
Bayesian inference

37
Q

What do modern psychologists claim about the Gestalt Laws?

A

laws could have also been created by experience

38
Q

What happens to neurons over time?

A

-become tuned to respond best to what we commonly experience

39
Q

Why is it beneficial that neurons be atuned to stimuli over time?

A
  • natural selection

- neurons can be trained to respond to specific stimuli

40
Q

What is experience-dependent plasticity?

A

mechanism through which the structure of the brain is changed by experience

41
Q

How did Blakemore and Graham Cooper demonstrate plasticity?

A
  • raised kittens in space in which they only saw vertical black + white stripes on walls
  • visual cortex had been reshaped
42
Q

experience-dependent plasticity plays a role in activation of the _________

A

fusiform face area (FFA)

43
Q

What happened after “Greeble recognition?”

A

-FFA fired as much for Greebles as it did for faces

44
Q

_____ helps us perceive things in our environment more accurately than static images

A

movement

45
Q

What are the 2 processing streams?

A
  • what stream: identifying an object

- where stream: identifying object’s location

46
Q

What two methods were used to discern the two processing streams?

A
  1. brain ablation

2. neuropsychology

47
Q

How did Ungerleider and Mishkin study about the what and where pathway?

A

-studied how removing part of a monkey’s brain affected its ability to identify an object + determine its location

48
Q

What is object discrimination?

A
  • monkey shown object

- must pick correct object

49
Q

What is landmark discrimination?

A
  • cylinder indicates which side monkey’s food is on

- location

50
Q

The temporal lobe controls which pathway?

A

where/dorsal

51
Q

The occipital lobe controls which pathway?

A

what/ventral

52
Q

What did Milner and Goodale find?

A
  • studied 34 year old woman with damage to temporal lobe
  • asked to rotate card
  • asked to mail a card
53
Q

Is the psychological repertoire universal?

A

no

PSYC 301L (10 decks)

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