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PSYC 301L > Chapter One - Introduction > Flashcards

Chapter One - Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is cognitive science?

A

-study of relationships among integration of cog. psychology, biology, anthropology, comp sci, linguistics, philosphy

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2
Q

What are 8 critical areas of research for cog science?

A
  1. consciousness
  2. intelligence
  3. thinking
  4. language
  5. knowledge of representation
  6. memory
  7. learning
  8. perception
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3
Q

What is cognitive psychology?

A
  • branch of psychology

- scientific study of the mind

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4
Q

Cognition involves… (8)

A
  1. perception
  2. paying attention
  3. remembering
  4. distinguishing items in a category
  5. visualizing
  6. language
  7. problem solving
  8. reasoning + decision making
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5
Q

Why was it not possible to study the mind in the 1800s? (3)

A
  • philosophers thought the mind couldn’t study itself
  • people did not associate cog. abilities with mind
  • thought mind couldn’t be measured
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6
Q

Who did one of first cognitive psych experiments in 1868 ?

A

Franciscus Donders

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7
Q

What was Donder’s experiment?

A

-reaction time (RT) experiment

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8
Q

What is the RT experiment?

A

-measures interval between stimulus presentation + one’s response to stimulus

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9
Q

What is the difference between the simple RT and the choice RT?

A

simple: response to stimulus
choice: choose whether stimulus is on right or left side

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10
Q

How did they infer decision time?

A

RT(choice)-RT(simple)

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11
Q

According to Donder’s, can mental responses be measured directly?

A
  • no, they can be inferred from behavior

- holds true for all research in cog. psych

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12
Q

Who founded the first psych laboratory?

A

Willhelm Wundt

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13
Q

What approach did Wilhelm Wundt use?

A

structuralism

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14
Q

What is structuralism?

A

-experience is determined by combining elements of experience called sensations
“periodic table of the mind”

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15
Q

What method did Wilhelm Wundt use?

A

analytic introspection

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16
Q

What is analytic introspection?

A

-participants trained to describe experiences + thought processes in response to stimuli

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17
Q

What are some problems with analytic introspection?

A
  • creates a binary
  • no way to verify
  • vocabulary means different things to different people
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18
Q

Who investigated the time course of forgetting?

A

Ebbinghaus

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19
Q

What kind of method did Ebbinghaus use?

A

quantitative

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20
Q

What was Ebbinghaus’s experiment?

A
  • read list of nonsense syllables aloud

- determine how many repetitions necessary to repeat list without errors

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21
Q

What was the result from Ebbinghaus’s experiment?

A

-short intervals = fewer repetitions to relearn

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22
Q

What are some problems with Ebbinghaus’s experiment?

A
  • subject of his own experiment
  • could become better with practice
  • may not be related to memory on a general sense
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23
Q

What is the Ebbinghaus curve?

A
  • Savings curve
  • function of percent savings v. time
  • high percent of savings during early hours because less time to forget
24
Q

Who taught the first psychology course at Harvard?

A

William James

25
Q

What were James’ observations based on?

A

his own mind, not experiments

functionalism

26
Q

Who found problems with analytic introspection?

A

John Watson

27
Q

What were the 2 problems John Watson found with analytic introspection?

A
  1. extremely variable results

2. results difficult to verify

28
Q

What was the new approach proposed by Watson?

A

behaviorism

29
Q

What is behaviorism?

A
  • eliminate mind as topic of study

- study directly observable behavior

30
Q

What experiment did Watson and Rayner conduct?

A

“Little Albert” experiment

31
Q

What was the Little Albert Experiment?

A
  • classical condition of fear

- conditioning 9 month old to be afraid

32
Q

Who was inspiration for Watson’s work?

A

Ivan Pavlov

33
Q

What did Ivan Pavlov do?

A
  • pavlov’s dogs

- pari neutral event with even that naturally produces some outcome

34
Q

Who studied operant conditioning?

A

BF Skinner

35
Q

What is Operant conditioning?

A
  • behavior shaped by rewards or punishments

- rewarded behavior more likely to be repeated, punished behavior less likely

36
Q

Who were the first 6 psychologists that lead to the rise of behaviorism?

A
  1. Donders
  2. Wundt
  3. Ebbinghaus
  4. William James
  5. Watson
  6. Skinner
37
Q

Who trained rats in a maze?

A

Tolman

38
Q

What was Tolman’s maze?

A
  • rats initially explored maze
  • rat placed in A, food placed in B
  • rat learned quickly to turn right to get food
39
Q

What was the new discovery from Tolman’s maze?

A
  • when food placed in C rat turned left to get food

- formation of a cognitive map

40
Q

According to behaviorists, what would happen when the food was placed in C

A

rat would turn right because that’s what it learned

41
Q

How did the decline of behaviorism happen?

A

-controversy over language acquisition

42
Q

What did Skinner argue in Verbal Behavior (1957)?

A

-children learn language through operant conditioning

43
Q

Who argued against Skinner’s Verbal Behavior?

A

Noam Chomsky

44
Q

What did Chomsky argue about language?

A
  • children do not only learn language through imitation + reinforcement
  • children say things they never heard
  • determined by inborn biological program
45
Q

What is the 1950s cognitive revolution?

A
  • shift from behaviorists stimulus-response relationships

- new goal to understand operations of mind

46
Q

How did computers process information?

A
  • in stages

- input, input processor, memory unit, arithmetic unit, output

47
Q

What is the information-processing approach?

A
  • way to study mind like it is a computer

- separate stages

48
Q

What was Cherrys’ experiment?

A

-“dichotic” listening

49
Q

What is dichotic listening

A
  • present different messages in R/L ear
  • shadow one message
  • participants able to focus only on message they were shadowing
50
Q

What did Broadbent contribute?

A

-flow diagram representing what happens as a person directs attention to one stimulus

51
Q

What are the 3 stages of Broadbent’s flow diagram?

A
  1. input
  2. filter
  3. detector
  4. to memory
52
Q

Who was John McCarthy?

A
  • asked whether it would be possible to program computers to mimic operation of human mind
  • organized summer conference in 1956 on AI
53
Q

What did Newell and Simon create?

A
  • logic theorist program
  • could apply rudimentary logic to creating mathematical theorems
  • more than crunch numbers
54
Q

What are the 5 steps of research as it progresses question to question?

A
  1. start with what is known
  2. ask questions
  3. design experiments
  4. obtain and interpret results
  5. Go to 1
55
Q

What are models in cognitive psychology?

A
  • representations of structures or process

- help visualize/explain structure/process

56
Q

What are the 2 types of models?

A
  1. structural models: represent strucutres in brain that are involved in spec. functions
  2. process models: illustrate how a process operates
57
Q

Are models identical replicas of real thing?

A

-no, simplifications

PSYC 301L (10 decks)

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