Chapter Two

Question 1

What does an individual’s nutritional needs depend on? (3)

Answer 1

Age, gender, and genetic makeup.

Question 2

What are the two approaches to making a nutrition recommendation?

Answer 2

1. Nutrient Based approach

2. Food Based approach (where a dietary pattern is used)

Question 3

What is a dietary pattern?

Answer 3

A description of a way of eating that includes the types and amounts of recommended foods and food groups, rather than individual nutrients. (ex. how many fruits and vegetables should be eaten)

Question 4

What are DRIs?

Answer 4

Dietary Recommended Intakes, a set of reference values for the intake of energy, nutrients, and food components that can be used for planning and assessing the diets of healthy people in the United States and Canada. Designed to promote health and prevent nutrient deficiencies.

Question 5

True or False: Canada’s Food Guide is nutrient based.

Answer 5

False, it is a food based dietary pattern that has been a central tool in the promotion of healthy and nutritious eating.

Question 6

How often should eggs be eaten?

Answer 6

At least 3 or 4 eggs should be eaten weekly.

Question 7

True or false: The DRIs are for every one; sick, ill, or healthy.

Answer 7

False. DRIs are designed to be used for planning and assessing the diets of healthy people.

Question 8

What are Life-Stage Groups?

Answer 8

Groups that DRIs are separated into that account for the different needs of people based on stages of growth and development, pregnancy, and lactation. They account for the physiological differences between infants, children, adolescents, adults, and seniors. Male and female differences are also taken into account.

Question 9

What are the four different DRI reference values?

Answer 9

1. Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
2. Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
3. Adequate Intake (AI)
4. Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)

Question 10

What are RDAs?

Answer 10

Recommended dietary allowance, intakes that are sufficient to meet the nutrient needs of almost all the healthy people in a specific life stage and gender group.

Question 11

What are AIs?

Answer 11

Adequate intakes, intakes that should be used as a goal when no RDA exists. These values are an approximation of the average nutrient intake that appears to sustain a desired indicator of health.

Question 12

What are ULs?

Answer 12

Tolerable upper intake levels, maximum daily intakes that are unlikely to pose a risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the specified life-stage and gender group.

Question 13

What are EARs?

Answer 13

Estimated average requirements, intakes that meet the estimated nutrient needs of 50% of individuals in a gender and life-stage group.

Question 14

Define Criterion of Adequacy

Answer 14

A functional indicator, such as the level of a nutrient in the blood, that can be measured to determine the biological effect of a level of nutrient intake.

Question 15

Define Requirement Distribution

Answer 15

A plot of the nutrient requirements for a group of individuals in the same life stage. Typically has a bell-curve shape.

Question 16

What is the EAR cutpoint method?

Answer 16

A method that indicates the proportion of a population that is not meeting its requirements, indicated by the proportion of the population with intakes below the EAR.

Question 17

Define Intake Distribution

Answer 17

A plot of the intakes of a specific nutrient in a population. The space under the curve line indicates the people whose intake is less than the EAR.

Question 18

What are EERs?

Answer 18

Estimated energy requirements, average energy intakes predicted to maintain body weight in healthy individuals. They can be used to calculate the average number of kcalories needed to keep body weight stable.

Question 19

What are AMDRs?

Answer 19

Acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges, ranges of intake for the energy-yielding nutrients, expresses as a percentage of total energy intake, that are associated with reduced risk of chronic disease while providing adequate intakes of essential nutrients.

Question 20

What percentage of kcalories of carbohydrates can an healthy adult have in a health diet?

Answer 20

45-65% can be from carbohydrates.

Question 21

What percentage of kcalories of fat can an healthy adult have in a health diet?

Answer 21

20-35% from fat.

Question 22

What percentage of kcalories of protein can an healthy adult have in a health diet?

Answer 22

10-35% from protein.

Question 23

List the Directive Statements for the Canadian Food Guide for Vegetables and Fruit (3).

Answer 23

1. Eat at least one dark green and one orange vegetable each day.
2. Choose vegetables and fruit prepared with little to no added fat, sugar, or salt.
3. Have vegetables and fruit more often than juice.

Question 24

List the Directive Statements for the Canadian Food Guide for Grains and Alternatives (2).

Answer 24

1. Make at least half of your grain products whole grain each day.
2. Choose grain products that are lower in fat, sugar, or salt.

Question 25

List the Directive Statements for the Canadian Food Guide for Milk and Alternatives (2).

Answer 25

1. Drink skim, 1%, or 2% milk each day.

2. Select lower fat milk alternative.

Question 26

List the Directive Statements for the Canadian Food Guide for Meat and Alternatives (3).

Answer 26

1. Have meat alternatives such as beans, lentils, and tofu often.
2. Eat at least two Food Guide Servings of fish each week.
3. Select lean meat and alternatives prepared with little or no added fat or salt.