Chapter F2.2

Question 1

What 7 diseases does obesity increase the risk for?

Answer 1

Cardiovascular disease, colon cancer, breast cancer, joint disorders, gall bladder disease, sleep apnea, and type two diabetes

Question 2

What percent of people with type two diabetes are overweight/obese?

Answer 2

85%.

Question 3

What is insulin resistance?

Answer 3

A situation where tissues that normally respond to insulin (such as muscle and adipose tissue) become less responsive to insulin and do not take up glucose as readily.

Question 4

What does insulin resistance result in?

Answer 4

Glucose remaining in circulation and blood glucose levels rising, leading to pre-diabetes and then type two diabetes.

Question 5

True or False: the difference between someone having normalized blood glucose, pre-diabetes, or type two diabetes, depends on the compensation of the insulin secreted by the pancreas.

Answer 5

True. If the pancreas can fully compensate for the increase in blood glucose with insulin secretion, pre-diabetes or type two diabetes will not occur.

Question 6

What is hyperinsulinemia?

Answer 6

High levels of insulin in the blood that result from increase in blood glucose. If insulin resistance persists, the levels of insulin secreted may not fully compensate for increases in blood glucose and the blood gluocse levels will rise to diabete levels.

Question 7

What cells secrete insulin?

Answer 7

Beta cells of the pancreas.

Question 8

When is type-two diabetes believed to be developed?

Answer 8

When both insulin resistance is present and some of the beta cells of the pancreas cease to properly function [beta-cell failure].

Question 9

What is beta-cell failure?

Answer 9

The malfunctioning of beta-cells in the pancreas, resulting in impaired secretion of insulin.

Question 10

What is hypoinsulinemia?

Answer 10

There are too few cells to maintain insulin secretion and insulin secretion falls below normal levels.

Question 11

What is lipolysis?

Answer 11

Breakdown of triglycerides to free fatty acids and glycerol.

Question 12

What does the release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue into the blood [lipolyse] result from?

Answer 12

The actions of enzyme hormone sensitive lipase.

Question 13

What does insulin do with lipase?

Answer 13

Supresses the effect of the hormone and promotes uptake of triglycerides from chylomicrons and VLDLs by stimulating the enzyme lipoprotein lipase.

Question 14

What does insulin do in the liver?

Answer 14

Promotes the uptake of glucose [for the synthesis of glycogen] and supresses gluconeogenesis.

Question 15

What is gluconeogenesis?

Answer 15

The synthesis of glucose from amino acids or other molecules.

Question 16

What does excessive gluconeogenesis lead to in an insulin-resistant state?

Answer 16

Elevated levels of blood glucose.

Question 17

Why is obesity believed to contribute to the development of type two diabetes?

Answer 17

Through promotion of insulin resistance in adipose, muscle, and liver, and beta-cell failure.

Question 18

True of False: Metabolism of adipose tissue stays the same in the obese state.

Answer 18

False, obesity induces an increase in the size of the adipocyte which causes macrophages to infiltrate adipose tissue, inducing inflammation and secreting compounds that enter the blood to cause inflammation to other parts of the body, and this alters metabolism.

Question 19

How does chronic inflammation interfere with insulin function?

Answer 19

Induces insulin resistance.

Question 20

True or False: the greater the amount of adipose tissue an individual has, the greater the level of free fatty acids in the blood.

Answer 20

True. These fatty acids are taken up by muscle, some are oxideized and some are stored as triglycerides, but excessive free fatty acid will be diverted to metabolic pathways to produce insulin resistance products.

Question 21

What is lipotoxicity?

Answer 21

A toxic effect produced by the products of fatty acid metabolism by pathways other than fatty aicd oxidation and triglyceride synthesis.

Question 22

How does obesity increase the risk of cardiovascular disease?

Answer 22

By altering the levels of lipoproteins that circulate in the bloodm increasing VLDLs, promoting the development of atherosclerosis.

Question 23

Define Metabolism

Answer 23

The sum of all the chemical reactions that take place in a living organism.

Question 24

Define Homeostasis

Answer 24

A physiological state in which a stable internal body environment in maintained.

Question 25

Define Malnutrition

Answer 25

Any condition resulting from an energy or nutrient intake that is either above or below optimal levels.

Question 26

Define Undernutrition

Answer 26

Any condition resulting from an energy or nutrient intake that is below the level of nutritional needs.

Question 27

Define Overnutrition

Answer 27

Poor nutritional status resulting from an energy or nutrient intake in excess of that which is optimal for health.

Question 28

What nutrients help with energy? (3)

Answer 28

Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.

Question 29

What nutrients help with structure? (3)

Answer 29

Lipids, proteins, and minerals.

Question 30

What nutrients help maintain body regulation? (6)

Answer 30

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, water, vitamins, and minerals.

Question 31

Define Genes

Answer 31

Units of a larger molecule called DNA that are responsible for inherited traits.

Question 32

What are nutritional genomics or nutrigenomics?

Answer 32

The study of how diet affects our genes and how individual genetic variation can affect the impact of nutrients or other food components on health.

Question 33

What factors affect food choices? (7)

Answer 33

1. Availability2. Cultural and Family Background3. Social Acceptability 4. Personal Preference 5. Psychological and Emotional Factors6. Health Concerns7. Media

Question 34

What is adequacy?

Answer 34

A state in which there is sufficient amount of a nutrient or nutrients in the diet to maintain health.

Question 35

Define Nutrient Density

Answer 35

An evaluation of the nutrient content of a food in comparison to the kcalories it provides.

Question 36

What five factors are important in choosing a healthy diet?

Answer 36

1. Adequacy and nutrient density2. Eat a variety of foods3. Balance your choices4. Everything in moderation 5. Ensuring Kcalorie control

Question 37

What is Portion Distortion?

Answer 37

The increase in portion sizes for typical restaurant and snack foods, observed over the last 40 years.

Question 38

What are the nine essential amino acids?

Answer 38

Histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryotophan, and valine.