Chapter F2.2 Flashcards
What 7 diseases does obesity increase the risk for?
Cardiovascular disease, colon cancer, breast cancer, joint disorders, gall bladder disease, sleep apnea, and type two diabetes
What percent of people with type two diabetes are overweight/obese?
85%.
What is insulin resistance?
A situation where tissues that normally respond to insulin (such as muscle and adipose tissue) become less responsive to insulin and do not take up glucose as readily.
What does insulin resistance result in?
Glucose remaining in circulation and blood glucose levels rising, leading to pre-diabetes and then type two diabetes.
True or False: the difference between someone having normalized blood glucose, pre-diabetes, or type two diabetes, depends on the compensation of the insulin secreted by the pancreas.
True. If the pancreas can fully compensate for the increase in blood glucose with insulin secretion, pre-diabetes or type two diabetes will not occur.
What is hyperinsulinemia?
High levels of insulin in the blood that result from increase in blood glucose. If insulin resistance persists, the levels of insulin secreted may not fully compensate for increases in blood glucose and the blood gluocse levels will rise to diabete levels.
What cells secrete insulin?
Beta cells of the pancreas.
When is type-two diabetes believed to be developed?
When both insulin resistance is present and some of the beta cells of the pancreas cease to properly function [beta-cell failure].
What is beta-cell failure?
The malfunctioning of beta-cells in the pancreas, resulting in impaired secretion of insulin.
What is hypoinsulinemia?
There are too few cells to maintain insulin secretion and insulin secretion falls below normal levels.
What is lipolysis?
Breakdown of triglycerides to free fatty acids and glycerol.
What does the release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue into the blood [lipolyse] result from?
The actions of enzyme hormone sensitive lipase.
What does insulin do with lipase?
Supresses the effect of the hormone and promotes uptake of triglycerides from chylomicrons and VLDLs by stimulating the enzyme lipoprotein lipase.
What does insulin do in the liver?
Promotes the uptake of glucose [for the synthesis of glycogen] and supresses gluconeogenesis.
What is gluconeogenesis?
The synthesis of glucose from amino acids or other molecules.
What does excessive gluconeogenesis lead to in an insulin-resistant state?
Elevated levels of blood glucose.
Why is obesity believed to contribute to the development of type two diabetes?
Through promotion of insulin resistance in adipose, muscle, and liver, and beta-cell failure.
True of False: Metabolism of adipose tissue stays the same in the obese state.
False, obesity induces an increase in the size of the adipocyte which causes macrophages to infiltrate adipose tissue, inducing inflammation and secreting compounds that enter the blood to cause inflammation to other parts of the body, and this alters metabolism.
How does chronic inflammation interfere with insulin function?
Induces insulin resistance.
True or False: the greater the amount of adipose tissue an individual has, the greater the level of free fatty acids in the blood.
True. These fatty acids are taken up by muscle, some are oxideized and some are stored as triglycerides, but excessive free fatty acid will be diverted to metabolic pathways to produce insulin resistance products.
What is lipotoxicity?
A toxic effect produced by the products of fatty acid metabolism by pathways other than fatty aicd oxidation and triglyceride synthesis.
How does obesity increase the risk of cardiovascular disease?
By altering the levels of lipoproteins that circulate in the bloodm increasing VLDLs, promoting the development of atherosclerosis.
Define Metabolism
The sum of all the chemical reactions that take place in a living organism.
Define Homeostasis
A physiological state in which a stable internal body environment in maintained.
Define Malnutrition
Any condition resulting from an energy or nutrient intake that is either above or below optimal levels.
Define Undernutrition
Any condition resulting from an energy or nutrient intake that is below the level of nutritional needs.
Define Overnutrition
Poor nutritional status resulting from an energy or nutrient intake in excess of that which is optimal for health.
What nutrients help with energy? (3)
Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.
What nutrients help with structure? (3)
Lipids, proteins, and minerals.
What nutrients help maintain body regulation? (6)
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, water, vitamins, and minerals.
Define Genes
Units of a larger molecule called DNA that are responsible for inherited traits.
What are nutritional genomics or nutrigenomics?
The study of how diet affects our genes and how individual genetic variation can affect the impact of nutrients or other food components on health.
What factors affect food choices? (7)
- Availability2. Cultural and Family Background3. Social Acceptability 4. Personal Preference 5. Psychological and Emotional Factors6. Health Concerns7. Media
What is adequacy?
A state in which there is sufficient amount of a nutrient or nutrients in the diet to maintain health.
Define Nutrient Density
An evaluation of the nutrient content of a food in comparison to the kcalories it provides.
What five factors are important in choosing a healthy diet?
- Adequacy and nutrient density2. Eat a variety of foods3. Balance your choices4. Everything in moderation 5. Ensuring Kcalorie control
What is Portion Distortion?
The increase in portion sizes for typical restaurant and snack foods, observed over the last 40 years.
What are the nine essential amino acids?
Histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryotophan, and valine.
