Chapter Seven - Energy Flashcards
overweight
being too heavy for one’s height. It is defined as having a body mass index of 25-29.9kg/m^2
obesity
a condition characterized by execs body fat. It is defined as a body mass index of 30kg/m^2 or greater
total energy expenditure (TEE)
the sum of the energy used for basal metabolism, activity, processing food, deposition of new tissue, and production of milk
basal energy expenditure (BEE)
the energy expended to maintain an awake resting body that is not digesting food
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
the rate of energy expenditure under resting conditions. BMR measurements are performed in a warm room in the morning before the subject rises, and at least 12 hours after the last food or activity
resting energy expenditure (REE) or resting metabolic rate (RMR)
terms used when an estimate of basal metabolism is determined by measuring energy utilization after 5-6 hours without food or exercise
lean body mass (LBM)
body mass attributed to nonfat body components such as bone, muscle, and internal organs. It is also called fat-free mass
non exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)
the nervy expended for everything we do other than sleeping, eating, or sports-like exercise
thermic effect of food (TEF) or diet-induced thermogenesis
the energy required for the digestion of food and the absorption, metabolism, and storage of nutrients. It is equal to approximately 10% of daily energy intake.
adipocytes
fat-storing cells
glycogen primary location
liver and muscle
glucose or free-fatty acid primary location
body fluids
triglycerides
adipose tissue
protein
muscle
direct calorimetry
a method of determining energy used that measures the amount of heat produced
indirect calorimetry
a method of estimating energy use that compared the amount of oxygen consumed to the amount of carbon dioxide exhaled
doubly-labelled water technique
a method for measuring the disappearance of heavy (but not radioactive) isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen in body fluids after consumption of a defined amount of water labelled with both isotopes
isotopes
alternative forms of an element that have different atomic masses, which may or may not be radioactive
estimated energy requirements (EER)
the among of energy recommended by the DRIs to maintain body weight in a healthy person based on age, gender, size, and activity level
physical activity (PA)
a numeric value associated with activity label that is a variable in the EER equations used to calculate energy needs
comorbidity
two disease states or health conditions that occur together, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes
body mass index (BMI)
a measure of body weight in relation to height that is used to compare body size with a standard
bioelectric impedance analysis
a technique for estimating body composition that measures body fat by directing a low-energy electric current through the body and calculating resistance to flow
skinfold thickness
a measurement of subcutaneous fat used to estimate total body fat
subcutaneous fat
adipose tissue that is located under the skin
underwater weighing
a technique that uses the difference between body weight underwater and body weight on land to estimate body density and calculate cody composition
visceral fat
adipose tissue that is located in the abdomen around the body’s internal organs
set-point theory
the theory that when people finish growing, their wight remains relatively stable for long periods despite periodic changes in energy intake or output
obesity genes
genes that code for proteins involved in the regulation, or the deposition of body fat. When they are abnormal, the result is abnormal amounts of body fat.
hunger
internal signals that stimulate one to acquire and consume food
satiety
the feeling of fullness and satisfaction, caused by food consumption, that eliminates the desire to eat
ghrelin
a hormone produced by the stomach that stimulates food intake
leptin
a protein hormone produced by adipocytes that signals information about the amount of body fat
leptin resistance
a lack of responsiveness to the hormone leptin; characterized, in obesity, by high levels of leptin in the blood but the lack of response to the action of leptin, which is to decrease energy intake and increase energy expenditure
adaptive thermogenesis
the change in energy expenditure induced by factors such as changes in ambient temperature and food intake
brown adipose tissue
a type of fat tissue that has a greater number of mitochondria than the more common white adipose tissue. It can waste energy by producing heat.
behaviour modification
a process used to gradually and permanently change habitual behaviours
very-low-kcalorie diet
a weight-loss diet that provides fewer than 800 kcal/day
protein-sparing modified fast
a very-low-kcal diet with a high proportion of protein, designed to maximize the loss of fat and minimize the loss of protein from the body
gastric banding
a surgical procedure in which an adjustable band is placed around the upper portion of the stomach to limit the volume that the to mach can hold and the rate of stomach emptying
gastric bypass
a surgical procedure to treat morbid obesity that both reduces the size of the stomach and bypasses the portion of the small intestine
liposuction
a procedure that suctions out adipose tissue form under the skin; used to decrease the size of local fat deposits such as on the abdomen or hips
