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Animal Behavior > Chapter Three: Development Of Behavior > Flashcards

Chapter Three: Development Of Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

Why do honeybees with the same genes do different jobs?

A

Jobs are age related; genes must somehow be turned on or off

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2
Q

When juvenile hormone increases, _ honeybees transition to _

A

Nurse to foragers

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3
Q

Foragers feed nurse bees and deliver some _ in the saliva

A

Ethyl oleate (EO)

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4
Q

Ethyl oleate inhibits the production of _

A

Juvenile hormone

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5
Q

How is the relationship between juvenile hormone and ethyl oleate adaptive in honeybees?

A

When foragers are abundant, they feed the nurses so the nurses have high ethyl oleate and remain nurses. Low foragers → low ethyl oleate → nurses transition to foragers

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6
Q

Identifying the first object encountered with certain key characteristics (sign stimulus) as a role model for knowing what their own species is

A

Imprinting

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7
Q

Did great tits fostered by blue tits successfully mate? Why?

A

No, they chose a mate from the species that raised them (blue tits) rather than one of their own species

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8
Q

Do blue tits fostered by great tits successfully mate? Why?

A

Yes, they chose a mate from their own species rather than the species that raised them

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9
Q

Is the genetic component for species identity stronger in blue tits or great tits?

A

Blue tits (they chose a mate from their own species)

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10
Q

Any differences we see in behavior are caused by the differences in genetics and or environment that change the way the genes are expressed for _ or _ effects

A

Organizational or activational

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11
Q

two strains of Drosophila that differ in larval foraging behavior

A
  1. Rovers
  2. Sitters
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12
Q

Rovers move ___ when feeding. Sitters move ___ when feeding.

A

A lot
Very little

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13
Q

The gene for foraging behaviors in Drosophila larval feeding behaviors is a _____

A

Single gene trait

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14
Q

What is the normal nurturing behavior of mice

A

To cuddle their young

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15
Q

When the fosB gene is knocked out in mice, how does it change their nurturing behavior

A

Mothers ignore their young

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16
Q

In California, coastal and inland populations of garter snakes differ in ___

A

Diet

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17
Q

Inland garter snakes eat ___ and ___. Coastal garter snakes eat ___, ___, and ___.

A

Fish and frogs
Fish, frogs, and banana slugs

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18
Q

Results of the experiment that tested if naive garter snakes will eat banana slugs

A

Most inland snakes never even tried to eat the slug. Most coastal snakes did eat the slugs.

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19
Q

Results of the experiment that tested whether or not garter snakes are attracted to the odor of banana slugs or their other foods

A

Sensory cue of odor is involved

20
Q

Is eating banana slugs more genetic or environmental?

A

More genetic, the test environments were the same for coastal and inland populations

21
Q

Developing normally or somewhat normally despite defective genes or deficient environments

A

Developmental homeostasis

22
Q

Developmental homeostasis is tested with ___

A

Social deprivation experiments in monkeys

23
Q

When monkeys were isolated completely or only allowed to react with their mother, ____

A

Exhibited abnormal social behavior

24
Q

When monkeys were isolated but allowed 15 minutes a day of playtime with a peer, ____

A

Exhibited normal social behavior

25
Q

Even with only minimal requirements, the monkeys experienced normal or close to normal social behavior. This is an example of ___

A

Developmental homeostasis

26
Q

Contact with peers is needed for these monkeys to turn on the genes that affect ___

A

Social development

27
Q

When there are two different developmental paths available for every individual

A

Developmental switch mechanisms/Polyphenisms

28
Q

____ trigger development of different pathways to produce different phenotypes

A

Environmental cues

29
Q

Aquatic larvae of tiger salamanders come in two forms: ___ and ___

A

Small larvae and large larvae

30
Q

Small larvae eat ___. Large larvae eat ___

A

Bugs, small tiger salamanders

31
Q

Three environmental cues that trigger tiger salamanders larvae to become a cannibal

A
  1. High population density (lots of salamanders to eat)
  2. Varied size distribution (by genetics or different hatching times)
  3. Cannibal not related to all others in pool (not siblings, if they were closely related it would hurt the genetic fitness of the population)
32
Q

What are two ultimate benefits to switching to a larger larval form?

A
  1. Flexibility: adjust development if conditions are suitable, new niche is available for eating small salamanders that reduced competition for other food
  2. Faster growth: leave pond sooner and therefore reproduce sooner
33
Q

A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

A

Learning

34
Q

What you can learn is influenced by your ___

A

Genes

35
Q

Learning allows ___ in dealing with your environment

A

Flexibility

36
Q

Selection determines ___ and ___ something is learned for a species

A

What and how

37
Q

Clark’s nutcrackers are _____ specialists

A

Seed-storing

38
Q

Do Clark’s nutcrackers excel at spatial or visual learning?

A

Spatial

39
Q

Response made by an animal is reinforced

A

Operant conditioning

40
Q

Any event that strengthens or increases the behavior it follows

A

Reinforcer

41
Q

Favorable events or outcomes that are presented after the behavior and strengthen the behavior

A

Positive reinforcer

42
Q

Removal of an unfavorable event after the display of a behavior

A

Negative reinforcer

43
Q

Presentation of an adverse event or outcome that causes a decrease in the behavior

A

Punishment

44
Q

Reinforce the first response after a given number of responses

A

Fixed-Ratio (FR)

45
Q

Reinforce the first response after a varied number of correct responses

A

Variable-Ratio (VR)

46
Q

A learned behavior is weakened if reinforcement is removed

A

Extinction

47
Q

____ schedules are the strongest reinforcers

A

Variable

Animal Behavior (11 decks)

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