Chapter Three: Development Of Behavior Flashcards
Why do honeybees with the same genes do different jobs?
Jobs are age related; genes must somehow be turned on or off
When juvenile hormone increases, _ honeybees transition to _
Nurse to foragers
Foragers feed nurse bees and deliver some _ in the saliva
Ethyl oleate (EO)
Ethyl oleate inhibits the production of _
Juvenile hormone
How is the relationship between juvenile hormone and ethyl oleate adaptive in honeybees?
When foragers are abundant, they feed the nurses so the nurses have high ethyl oleate and remain nurses. Low foragers → low ethyl oleate → nurses transition to foragers
Identifying the first object encountered with certain key characteristics (sign stimulus) as a role model for knowing what their own species is
Imprinting
Did great tits fostered by blue tits successfully mate? Why?
No, they chose a mate from the species that raised them (blue tits) rather than one of their own species
Do blue tits fostered by great tits successfully mate? Why?
Yes, they chose a mate from their own species rather than the species that raised them
Is the genetic component for species identity stronger in blue tits or great tits?
Blue tits (they chose a mate from their own species)
Any differences we see in behavior are caused by the differences in genetics and or environment that change the way the genes are expressed for _ or _ effects
Organizational or activational
two strains of Drosophila that differ in larval foraging behavior
- Rovers
- Sitters
Rovers move ___ when feeding. Sitters move ___ when feeding.
A lot
Very little
The gene for foraging behaviors in Drosophila larval feeding behaviors is a _____
Single gene trait
What is the normal nurturing behavior of mice
To cuddle their young
When the fosB gene is knocked out in mice, how does it change their nurturing behavior
Mothers ignore their young
In California, coastal and inland populations of garter snakes differ in ___
Diet
Inland garter snakes eat ___ and ___. Coastal garter snakes eat ___, ___, and ___.
Fish and frogs
Fish, frogs, and banana slugs
Results of the experiment that tested if naive garter snakes will eat banana slugs
Most inland snakes never even tried to eat the slug. Most coastal snakes did eat the slugs.
Results of the experiment that tested whether or not garter snakes are attracted to the odor of banana slugs or their other foods
Sensory cue of odor is involved
Is eating banana slugs more genetic or environmental?
More genetic, the test environments were the same for coastal and inland populations
Developing normally or somewhat normally despite defective genes or deficient environments
Developmental homeostasis
Developmental homeostasis is tested with ___
Social deprivation experiments in monkeys
When monkeys were isolated completely or only allowed to react with their mother, ____
Exhibited abnormal social behavior
When monkeys were isolated but allowed 15 minutes a day of playtime with a peer, ____
Exhibited normal social behavior
Even with only minimal requirements, the monkeys experienced normal or close to normal social behavior. This is an example of ___
Developmental homeostasis
Contact with peers is needed for these monkeys to turn on the genes that affect ___
Social development
When there are two different developmental paths available for every individual
Developmental switch mechanisms/Polyphenisms
____ trigger development of different pathways to produce different phenotypes
Environmental cues
Aquatic larvae of tiger salamanders come in two forms: ___ and ___
Small larvae and large larvae
Small larvae eat ___. Large larvae eat ___
Bugs, small tiger salamanders
Three environmental cues that trigger tiger salamanders larvae to become a cannibal
- High population density (lots of salamanders to eat)
- Varied size distribution (by genetics or different hatching times)
- Cannibal not related to all others in pool (not siblings, if they were closely related it would hurt the genetic fitness of the population)
What are two ultimate benefits to switching to a larger larval form?
- Flexibility: adjust development if conditions are suitable, new niche is available for eating small salamanders that reduced competition for other food
- Faster growth: leave pond sooner and therefore reproduce sooner
A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience
Learning
What you can learn is influenced by your ___
Genes
Learning allows ___ in dealing with your environment
Flexibility
Selection determines ___ and ___ something is learned for a species
What and how
Clark’s nutcrackers are _____ specialists
Seed-storing
Do Clark’s nutcrackers excel at spatial or visual learning?
Spatial
Response made by an animal is reinforced
Operant conditioning
Any event that strengthens or increases the behavior it follows
Reinforcer
Favorable events or outcomes that are presented after the behavior and strengthen the behavior
Positive reinforcer
Removal of an unfavorable event after the display of a behavior
Negative reinforcer
Presentation of an adverse event or outcome that causes a decrease in the behavior
Punishment
Reinforce the first response after a given number of responses
Fixed-Ratio (FR)
Reinforce the first response after a varied number of correct responses
Variable-Ratio (VR)
A learned behavior is weakened if reinforcement is removed
Extinction
____ schedules are the strongest reinforcers
Variable
