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Animal Behavior > Chapter Ten: Reproductive Behavior > Flashcards

Chapter Ten: Reproductive Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

what is the red queen hypothesis

A

populations are always evolving even just to maintain the current adaptation (stabilizing selection)

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2
Q

why are clones of fish so vulnerable to parasites

A

if a parasite can kill one of them, it can kill all of them

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3
Q

what is the main value of sex

A

genetic diversity

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4
Q

genetic diversity is critical for ___ and ___

A

adaptation and survival

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5
Q

term that means two different size gametes for male and female

A

anisogamy

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6
Q

anisogamy leads to different ___

A

selective pressures

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7
Q

each sex has a different gamete strategy that allows it to maximize ___

A

reproductive success

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8
Q

for the small/fast gamete, selection favors ___ number of offspring and ___ parental investment

A

high
low

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9
Q

for the large/nutritional gamete, selection favors ___ number of offspring and ___ parental investment

A

low
high

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10
Q

differences in ____ between sexes may arise from differences in parental investment

A

sexual behavior

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11
Q

different reproductive rates lead to different ____

A

optimal behaviors

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12
Q

a low parental investment leads to a ____ potential reproductive rate and therefore ____ levels of sexual activity

A

high
high

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13
Q

a high parental investment leads to a ____ potential reproductive rate and therefore ____ levels of sexual activity

A

low
low

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14
Q

effort invested in young at the expense of other offspring

A

parental investment

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15
Q

what is a fertility cost

A

a female’s reproductive rate and success is limited by the number of eggs produced

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16
Q

what is a mating cost

A

a male’s reproductive rate and success is limited by the number of females he can find and mate with

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17
Q

what is a male-biased operational sex ratio

A

one in which there are more males ready to mate than females (males have a mating cost and females have a fertility cost)

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18
Q

in a male-biased operational sex ratio, which is the choosy sex? which is the sex that competes for mates?

A

females are the choosy sex
males compete for mates

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19
Q

when would you expect males to be the choosy sex?

A

when more females are ready to mate than males

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20
Q

example of a species in which males are the choosy sex

A

mormon crickets

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21
Q

why do male Mormon crickets pay a higher fertility cost

A

produce a spermatophore that includes sperm and nutrients for the female
male only mates once, female mates more than once
female-biased sex ratio

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22
Q

what kind of factors influence individual survival

A

good habitat, foraging ability, anti-predator behavior, etc.

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23
Q

how can traits evolve that make it difficult for an animal to forage or escape from a predator?

A

if the trait increases reproductive success, even if it decreases survival

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24
Q

what is Zahavi’s handicap principal

A

elaborate plumage handicaps a male, so the ability to survive with it is an honest signal to potential mates

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25
Q

natural selection for traits that could decrease survival but increase reproductive success because they help you acquire a mate

A

sexual selection

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26
Q

sexual selection traits come with ____

A

trade-offs

27
Q

in dung beetles, growing a bigger horn requires a trade off of ____

A

a smaller eye

28
Q

four ways in which females try to control reproductive decisions

A
  1. egg investment
  2. mate choice
  3. egg fertilization
  4. offspring investment
29
Q

what materials and how much off them to place in an egg

A

egg investment

30
Q

which male or males will be granted the right to mate with her

A

mate choice

31
Q

which sperm to use to fertilize each egg

A

egg fertilization

32
Q

how much maintenance and care goes to each embryo and offspring

A

offspring investment

33
Q

four ways in which males try to control reproductive decisions

A
  1. resources transferred to female
  2. elaborate courtship
  3. sexual coercion
  4. infanticide
34
Q

male to male (or non-choosy sex to non-choosy sex) competition is known as

A

intrasexual competition

35
Q

in intrasexual selection, males battle and the winner ____

A

gets to mate with the female

36
Q

there is a strong relationship between ___ and ___ in intrasexual selection

A

fight success and reproductive success

37
Q

female choice is known as

A

intersexual selection

38
Q

a male can bring a female a _____ to try and get her to mate with him

A

nuptial gift

39
Q

two examples of a nuptial gift

A

food and terminal mating

40
Q

male balloon flies give ___, ____, or ____ to females

A

food, food wrapped in silk, or an empty silk balloon

41
Q

what is terminal mating

A

mate and then die

42
Q

what does the male redback spider do after mating; why is this beneficial

A

he crawls into her mouth and she eats him; she gets a meal and nobody else can mate with her because he administers a plug

43
Q

if a male doesn’t give the female material benefits, what does she get in return for choosing him to mate with?

A

healthy mates
good genes

44
Q

females prefer traits that are indicative of male ___ and ___

A

health and viability

45
Q

three alternative mating strategies for males that are not the top dog

A
  1. make friends
  2. premature ejaculation
  3. satellite mating
46
Q

females may mate with a non-dominant ___

A

friend

47
Q

male friends may ____ on dominant male

A

gang up

48
Q

species in which making friends can help non-dominant males mate

A

baboons

49
Q

premature ejaculation decreases _____

A

copulatory time

50
Q

three strategies for satellite mating

A
  1. intercept female on her way to the dominant male
  2. sneak in while female is with dominant male
  3. mimic a female so that you can get close and then try to mate
51
Q

bluegill fish are ____ fertilizers

A

external

52
Q

dominant bluegill male ____
sneaker male ____
satellite male ____

A

guards nest to attract females
slips in between spawning pair to add sperm of his own
mimics female and slips between her and dominant male, dominant male thinks he’s mating two females

53
Q

a hereditary alternative mating strategy should be ___ and reproductive success should be ___

A

genetically constrained
equal

54
Q

a conditional alternative mating strategy should be ___ and reproductive success should be ___

A

environmentally induced
different

55
Q

what are the three reproductive strategies used by scorpionfly males

A

guard food, saliva gift, and force

56
Q

reproductive success for scorpionfly males is higher when they guard food compared to the other two strategies, making it a _____ strategy

A

conditional

57
Q

three phenotypes for sponge isopod males

A

alpha, beta, gamma

58
Q

sponge isopod phenotypes have equal reproductive success, making it a ____ strategy

A

hereditary

59
Q

sperm competition is only seen when ____

A

females commonly mate with more than one male

60
Q

two methods of sperm competition

A
  1. make more/better sperm
  2. internal mechanisms
61
Q

two examples of internal mechanisms for sperm competition

A
  1. penis scrub brush to remove previously ejaculated sperm from a different male
  2. cloaca pecking to make female eject previous sperm from a different male
62
Q

mate guarding occurs when _____

A

female is likely to mate again or females are scarce

63
Q

three methods of mate guarding

A
  1. literally guard her
  2. hold on to her
  3. seal genitalia with secretions or plugs

Animal Behavior (11 decks)

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