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Social Psychology > Chapter Ten: Prosocial Behaviour > Flashcards

Chapter Ten: Prosocial Behaviour Flashcards

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1
Q

According to Darwin’s theory of evolution, natural selection favours genes that promote the survival of the ____________.

A

individual

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2
Q

How do evolutionary psychologists explain altruism?

A
  • kin selection, which is the idea that behaviors that help a genetic relative are favoured by natural selection, increasing the chances of their genes being passed on not just by children but by relatives
  • norm of reciprocity, which is the expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future
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3
Q

Does kin selection apply to life threatening situations, non life threatening situations, or both?

A

life threatening situations?

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4
Q

Are people more likely to help people whom they’re most closely related to, or with whom they have the closest relational ties with?

A

Those they have close relational ties with

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5
Q

TRUE or FALSE: reciprocity can be detected in infancy?

A

TRUE: Furthermore, they can pick up on when someone intends to help them and reciprocate accordingly

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6
Q

People are genetically programmed to learn social norms, with one of those social norms being ______.

A

Altruism

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7
Q

What is the evolutionary advantage in engaging in prosocial behaviors?

A

Those who cooperate are more likely to survive

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8
Q

What is a flaw with evolutionary psychologists explanation of altruism?

A

It doesn’t explain why people will randomly help complete strangers

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9
Q

When it comes to social exchange theory and altruism, what is it that these theorists assume?

A

They assume that in our interactions with others, we try to maximize our social rewards and costs

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10
Q

What are the 4 rewards that come with helping people?

A
  • increases the likelihood that we will be helped in return
  • relieves the distress of the bystander/themselves
  • gain social approval
  • increased feelings of self worth
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11
Q

Helping decreases when the costs are ______. List 3 instances.

A
  • high
  • when it puts us in physical danger
  • results in pain or embarrassment
  • takes too much time
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12
Q

How are prosocial acts doubly rewarding?

A

They help both the giver and the recipient of that aid. The giver feels good about themselves, and the recipient is helped.

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13
Q

When is pure altruism likely to come into play?

A

When we feel empathy for the person in need of help

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14
Q

If you don’t feel empathy towards someone else’s distress, _______ _______ comes into play.

A

social exchange

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15
Q

How can you tell if altruism is motivated by self interest or by empathy?

A

When empathy is low, social exchange comes into play in that people based their decision to help on the costs and benefits to themselves. They help when it is in their interest to do so (i.e. when they see Carol in their wheelchair and feel guilty for not helping) but not not otherwise (i.e. they know that they will never see Carol again).

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16
Q

Empathy is related to helping among children who are as young as _____ years old.

A

5

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17
Q

Why may people want to actively avoid empathy?

A

Because it takes effort, is mentally demanding, and at times can be unpleasant for the person

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18
Q

TRUE or FALSE: The longer one engages in an empathy task, the easier it becomes

A

FALSE: the longer they engage, the more effortful and unpleasant it gets

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19
Q

If someone is led to believe that they are very empathetic, are they more or less likely to choose an empathetic task?

A

more likely

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20
Q

Research shows that when people help others, the same parts of their brain are activated as when they receive rewards such as ____, ____, and ____.

A
  • water
  • food
  • sex
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21
Q

What are the three basic motives underlying prosocial behaviour?

A
  • Helping is the instinctive reaction to promote the welfare of those genetically similar to us (evolutionary psychology)
  • The rewards of helping often outweigh the costs, so helping is in our self interest (social exchange theory).
  • Under some conditions, powerful feelings of empathy for others prompt selfless giving (the empathy-altruism hypothesis)
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22
Q

Is the altruistic personality in part heritable?

A

Yes.

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23
Q

How does gender impact the way that Western society views altruism?

A

Men are considered to be brave, heroic and chivalrous, while women are considered to be caring and nurturing

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24
Q

In 2019, awards for bravery in Canada were awarded to ___ men and ____ women. Meanwhile, awards for caring in Canada were awarded to ____ men and ____ women.

A
  • 13
  • 2
  • 35
  • 59
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25
Q

Those who receive a bravery reward or caring reward had 3 similar characteristics. What are they?

A
  • helpers in early life
  • securely attached
  • show a pattern of nurturant compassion coupled with decisive action taking.
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26
Q

In comparison to bravery rewards, recipients of caring awards were higher in _______, more _______, and generally tended to be more focused on _____ _______.

A
  • nurturance
  • optimistic
  • close relationships
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27
Q

TRUE or FALSE: The less you have, the less you want to give away

A

FALSE: those in low socioeconomic status are more likely to give money, more likely to help someone complete tasks, and would give higher donations to charity

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28
Q

Why are people of lower SES more likely to engage in prosocial behaviour compared to those in high SES?

A

Because they are more concerned with the needs of others

29
Q

People develop different self concepts depending on how _______ they are.

A

wealthy

30
Q

Lower class people tend to develop _______ self concepts, while upper class people tend to develop ______ self concepts.

A
  • communal
  • agentic
31
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Wealthy people score higher on narcissism and entitlement

A

TRUE

32
Q

In order to encourage rich people to be more generous, it is important to frame requests using terms that match their _____-_____.

A

self-concept

33
Q

Do people often help in group members, out group members, or both?

A

both

34
Q

Why do we help in-group members? Why do we help out group members?

A

We feel empathy for ingroup members, which increases us helping them. In contrast, we help outgroup members when there is something in it for us.

35
Q

Wealth breeds _______, which then breeds ________ ________.

A
  • greed
  • unethical behaviour
36
Q

When it comes to interdependent cultures, are the needs of ingroup members or out group members more important?

A

in group members

37
Q

How does taking credit factor in when it comes to Western and Eastern cultures?

A

In Eastern cultures people believe in being modest and not taking credit for helping someone. This may impact the research that has been done saying that Eastern cultures mostly help in group members.

38
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Religious people are less helpful than nonreligious people

A

FALSE: They are more helpful, BUT with the important qualification that the person in need shares their religious beliefs.

39
Q

People in Canada who attend religious services give _____ money and ______ more

A
  • more
  • volunteer
40
Q

Research has shown that religious people are no more helpful than nonreligious people when it comes to helping _______.

A

strangers

41
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Priming religion increases social behaviour

A

TRUE

42
Q

Are people more helpful or less helpful when they’re in a good mood?

A

More

43
Q

When people do good deeds, the experience more ______ emotions. This is especially true when the good deeds are motivated to ______ another person, rather than to promote one’s own _____.

A
  • positive
  • help
  • goals
44
Q

Is happiness greater when spending on oneself or on someone else?

A

someone else, especially if its someone close to you

45
Q

The joy of giving is ______.

A

universal

46
Q

When prosocial behavior leads to happiness, that happiness leads to ______ ______ ______.

A

more prosocial behaviour

47
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Feeling sad decreases the chance of helping

A

FALSE: they are more likely to help because they are often motivated to engage in activities that make them feel better. This also applies if someone is feeling guilty

48
Q

What are the five personal determinants of prosocial behavior?

A
  • personality
  • gender
  • culture
  • religion
  • mood
49
Q

Are people more likely to offer help in large cities or small towns?

A

small towns

50
Q

Why are rural folks more likely to help in comparison to urban folks?

A

possibly rural folks grew up with internalized altruistic values, but it is shown that urban folks are less likely to help due to urban-overload hypothesis, which is the theory that people keep to themselves because they’re bombarded by stimulation

51
Q

List three reasons why people who live in one place for a long time are more likely to engage in prosocial acts to help the community.

A
  • they have greater attachment to the community
  • more interdependence with one’s neighbors
  • greater concern for one’s reputation in the community
52
Q

People are more likely to help if they are in a ______ community in comparison to a _______ community

A
  • stable
  • transient
53
Q

When it comes to the bystander effect, why are people less likely to help when there are other bystanders present?

A
  • Distracted, in a hurry (failure to notice)
  • pluralistic ignorance (interpret the event as a nonemergency)
  • diffusion of responsibility (fail to assume personal responsibility)
  • lack of knowledge/competence (can’t offer appropriate help)
  • danger to self; legal concerns; embarrassment (costs of helping is too high)
54
Q

What are the five steps to helping in an emergency when it comes to the bystander effect decision tree?

A
  1. Notice the event
  2. Interpret the event as an emergency
  3. Assume responsibility
  4. Know appropriate form of assistance
  5. Decide to implement help
55
Q

In what instance would a person not notice an emergency?

A

If they are in a hurry

56
Q

people are more likely to act in an emergency when they are ______ as opposed to when they are in a ________

A
  • alone
  • group
57
Q

Children as young as ____ to ____ years of age are able to discern whether help is needed or not

A
58
Q

What happens when there are many witnesses during an emergency?

A

A diffusion of responsibility occurs, whereby each bystanders sense of responsibility decreases as the number of witnesses to an emergency or crisis increases

59
Q

Children as young as ___ years old show diffusion of responsibility

A

5

60
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Diffusion of responsibility happens in the online world.

A

TRUE

61
Q

A diffusion of responsibility is especially likely to occur when:

A

people cannot tell whether someone else has already intervened.

62
Q

You can increase the chances of someone helping by:

A

knowing about the barriers to helping, such as being aware of the bystander effect.

63
Q

prosocial videogame experiment

A
  • one group plays a game that involves prosocial acts, while the other group plays Tetris
  • participants then take part in what they think is an unrelated study, in which they are given the opportunity to help someone
  • those who played the prosocial videogame were more likely to help
64
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Listening to songs with prosocial lyrics does not make you help people more

A

FALSE: listening to songs with prosocial lyrics makes you more likely to help someone

65
Q

Why does playing a prosocial videogame or listening to a prosocial song make people more likely to cooperate?

A

It increases empathy towards someone who is needing help and it is increasing the accessibility of thoughts about helping others

66
Q

How can parents encourage prosocial behaviour in their kids?

A
  • by rewarding such acts with praise, smiles, or hugs. Make sure you aren’t too heavy handed with rewards, otherwise it could result in the overjustification effect (rewarding people too strongly for a behavior can lower their intrinsic interest in it because they come to believe they are doing it only to get the reward).
  • Behaving prosocially themselves
67
Q

Nearly _____ of Canadians who signed up to volunteer sign up on their own initiative

A

half

68
Q

How could you ensure that someone comes to your aid as soon as possible?

A

avoid diffusion of responsibility by pointing to one person and saying, “you with the blue shirt, can you please call 911?”

Social Psychology (9 decks)

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