Chapter Four: Social Perception

Question 1

What are the 6 most frequent channels of nonverbal communication?

Answer 1

1. Facial Expressions
2. Tone of Voice
3. Gestures
4. Body position and movement
5. Use of touch
6. Eye gaze

Question 2

Nonverbal cues serve many functions in communication. They help people express their ________, ________, and _________.

Answer 2

• emotions
• attitudes
• personality

Question 3

What is the function of mirror neurons?

Answer 3

They respond when we perform an action as well as when we see someone perform the same action (eg. seeing someone cry fires off the mirror neurons as though we were crying ourselves)

Question 4

The crown jewel of nonverbal communication is ________ _________.

Answer 4

Facial expressions

Question 5

How many emotions are able to be interpreted universally when it comes to facial expressions?

Answer 5

six

Question 6

Cartoon facial expression experiment between cultures

Answer 6

• Americans and Japanese folks looked at a cartoon photo of a group of ppl, and were asked to judge the central person’s emotion
• Americans focused solely on the individual in the centre, while the Japanese looked at the group as a whole, reflecting the analytic style vs holistic style thinking

Question 7

Why is decoding nonverbal communication sometimes difficult?

Answer 7

• affects blends (one part of their face registers one emotion while another part registers a different emotion
• The unique rules about what are considered to be appropriate displays of emotion in each culture (display rules)

Question 8

When it comes to expressing emotions, the more individualistic a culture is, the more the expression of emotion is _________, while in more collective cultures, the more _________ is prescribed to express one’s emotions.

Answer 8

• encouraged
• moderation

Question 9

How long does it take someone to form initial impressions of others based solely on their facial expression?

Answer 9

<100 milliseconds

Question 10

The tendency to infer what people are like based solely on facial appearances can emerge at ___ years old

Answer 10

three

Question 11

Studies show that people in photos receive high ratings on positive attributes and seen as morally heroic when they were looking ______ and to the ______.

Answer 11

• up
• right

Question 12

Studies show that people believe men with beards are more ________.

Answer 12

trustworthy

Question 13

Research shows that people attribute less positive personality characteristics to someone who is described as having _____ _____ ________.

Answer 13

low self esteem

Question 14

Implicit personality theories are strongly tied to ________.

Answer 14

culture

Question 15

Research notes that different cultures have different personality types. For example, the Chinese do not have a schema for _______ personalities. The Chinese also have a personality type that Western Cultures don’t have called ____ _____.

Answer 15

• artistic
• shi gu

Question 16

What are the 4 personality traits seen in someone who is considered to have a shi gu personality in Chinese culture?

Answer 16

• worldly
• devoted to family
• socially skillful
• somewhat reserved

Question 17

When we are forming an attribution, what are the three types of information we examine for in covariation? (CDC)

Answer 17

1. consensus
2. distinctiveness
3. consistency

Question 18

when you are doing a covariation assessment, who is the actor and who is the stimulus?

Answer 18

the actor is the person whose behaviour you’re trying to figure out, while the stimulus is the person on the receiving end of the person in question

Question 19

According to Kelley’s covariation model, people are most likely to make an internal attribution when the consensus and distinctiveness of the act are ______, but the consistency is ______.

Answer 19

• low
• high

Question 20

According to Kelley’s covariation model, people are most likely to make an external attribution when the consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency are all _____.

Answer 20

high

Question 21

According to Kelley’s covariation model, one can’t make a clear internal or external attribution when consistency is _____.

Answer 21

low

Question 22

You see your boss yelling at your worker Hannah. People are more likely to make an internal attribution if it was something about the ______, and more likely to make an external attribution if it was something about the ______.

Answer 22

• boss
• employee

Question 23

You see your boss yelling at your worker Hannah. People are more likely to to make an internal attribution if they see the behaviour as:

Answer 23

• low in consensus (the boss is the only person working in the store who yells at Hannah)
• low in distinctiveness (the boss yells at all of the employees)
• high in consistency (the boss always yells at Hannah when they see her)

Question 24

You see your boss yelling at your worker Hannah. People are more likely to make an external attribution if they see the behaviour as:

Answer 24

• high in consensus (all of the employees yell at Hannah too)
• high in distinctiveness (the boss doesn’t yell at any of the other employees)
• high in consistency (the boss yells at Hannah almost every time they see each other)

Question 25

You see your boss yelling at your worker Hannah. People would think this peculiar if they see this behaviour as:

Answer 25

• low or high in consensus
• low or high in distinctiveness
• low in consistency (this is the first time that this boss yelled at Hannah)

Question 26

Research shows that when people are convicted of committing crimes, _________ play a role in the severity of the sentencing. The sentence is usually harsher if the crime was due to ______ ________.

Answer 26

• attributions
• internal attributions