chapter ten Flashcards
1
Q
visual imagery
A
seeing in the absence of a visual stimulus
2
Q
imagery extra notes
A
- form of elaboration
- recognition accuracy of images is higher than for words
- easier to remember words with high imagery potential
3
Q
imagery potential
A
- ease of generating an image
- high imagery potential for concrete concepts (i.e. chair)
- low imagery potential for abstract concepts (i.e. truth)
- recall best for high-imagery paired-associates (i.e. chair-apple)
4
Q
mental chronometry
A
- infer cognitive processes by measuring the time it takes to complete a cognitive task
5
Q
shepard and metzler
A
- measured the time to mentally rotate objects to make a verification judgement (match/no match)
- showed that the time it took to decide two views were the same object was directly related to how different the angles were
6
Q
mental scanning
A
- scanning a mental image
- visual scanning time for a picture is the same for visual scanning a visual image of that picture
7
Q
elephant and rabbit (imagery and perception)
A
- faster to answer questions about an image when one imagines that it takes up most of their visual field
- i.e. with the elephant / rabbit example
8
Q
perky
A
- perception and imagery experiment with banana
- participants asked to visualize a banana while unknowingly viewing a dimly projected image of a banana
- participants often mistook the dimly projected image as their mental image
9
Q
farah
A
- instructed participants to imagine a letter “H” or T” on screen
- flashed with two squares, one containing either H or T
- participants are faster to detect target location when the target (flashed letter) and mental image (choice of letter) are matched
10
Q
imagery neurons
A
- neurons in the visual cortex that fire when perceiving or imagining a specific object (i.e. a baseball)
- kreiman using electrodes implanted in temporal lobe
11
Q
le bihan et al.
A
- fMRI recordings reveal brain activations (imagery neurons firing) during perceiving and imagining an stimulus
12
Q
topographic map
A
- indicates that viewing small objects activates the back of the visual cortex vs larger objects that results in a spread of activity toward the front of the visual cortex
13
Q
evidence that imagery and perception share the same mechanisms
A
- imagery and perception reveal similar activity in the frontal lobe
- ablation of the visual cortex results in a decrease in image size
- difficulty with perception is associated with difficulty with creating images
- those with unilateral neglect will ignore objects in one half of the visual field one half of their mental image
14
Q
evidence that imagery and perception involve different mechanisms
A
- perception is automatic and stable while imagery takes effort and is fragile
- difficult to switch perceptions of an ambiguous image than picture
- dissociations between imagery and perception
15
Q
chalmers and reisberg
A
- difficult to switch perceptions of a mental image of an ambiguous figure
- i.e. the duck/rabbit ambiguous figure
16
Q
method of loci
A
- mnemonic involving mental image of a spatial layout
- memorize a familiar route (through your house)
- to remember a list of items, visualize item #1 at location #1, item #2 at location #2 etc.
17
Q
pegword technique
A
- mental image of objects associated with a concrete word to remember things
- i.e. “one-bun” example to remember dentist appointment then making a mental image of a mouth biting down on a bun
18
Q
how visual imagery was discovered
A
- kekule: said the structure of benzene came to him in a dream
- einstein: developed theory of relativity by imagining himself travelling beside a beam of light
19
Q
early ideas about imagery
A
- wundt: proposed that images were part of three basic elements of consciousness, with sensations and feelings; images accompanied thought
- imageless thought debate: thought is impossible without imagery
- galton: found that imagery wasn’t required for thinking because observed people who had difficulting forming images were still capable of thinking
20
Q
kosslyn’s experiment on mental scanning
A
- participants asked to memorize an object
- then to create an image of the object in their mind and focus on one part of the boat
- reasoned and found that if imagery (like perception) is spatial, then it should take longer to find parts farther from the initial point of focus
21
Q
the imagery debate
A
a debate on wether imagery is based on spatial mechanisms, such as ones involved in perception, or on propositional mechanisms, such as the ones involved with language
22
Q
propositional representations
A
- representations where relationships can be represented by abstract symbols, such as an equation or statement
- i.e. “the cat is under the table” as “the cat” → “is under” → “the table”
23
Q
mental walk task
A
- task in which participants imagine they were walking towards a mental image of an object
24
Q
multivoxel pattern analysis
A
- train classifier to associate a pattern of voxel activation with a particular stimuli
- then to present a stimulus to see if the classifier can identify it based on the voxel activity created by the stimulus
25
individual differences in visual imagery
- kozhevnikov: presented a questionnaire to determine if participants preferred imagery (visualizers) or verbal-logical strategies (verbalizers)
- given tests to measure to types of imagery
- results of tests measured differences between the two
26
degraded pictures task
- consisted of a number of degraded line drawings
27
mental rotation task
- required partiipants to judge wether pictures were two views of the same object
