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PSYCH 258 MIDTERM #3 > chapter eleven > Flashcards

chapter eleven Flashcards

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1
Q

language

A

a system of communication using sounds or symbols

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2
Q

language is…

A
  • generative
  • hierarchical
  • rule-based structure
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3
Q

generative

A

many ways to construct sentences

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4
Q

hierarchical

A
  • components can be combined to form larger units
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5
Q

rule-based structure

A

mental system of rules for producing correct sentences in a language

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6
Q

language is hierarchical

A
  • sentence (“the cat jumped the fence”)
  • phrase (the cat [noun phrase] phrase, jumped the fence [verb phrase])
  • word (the, cat, jumped, the, face)
  • morpheme (the, cat, jump, -ed, the, fence)
  • phoneme (international phonetic alphabet)
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7
Q

components of sentences

A
  • semantics
  • syntax
  • morphemes
  • lexicons
  • phonemes
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8
Q

semantics

A

meaning

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9
Q

syntax

A

grammar/rules for sentence formation

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10
Q

morphemes

A

smallest unit of meaning in a language, stem-words, affixes

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11
Q

lexicons

A

words in memory

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12
Q

phonemes

A

speech sounds

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13
Q

language is universal

A
  • deaf children invent their own sign language
  • all humans with normal capacities develop a language and learn to follow its rules
  • language development similar across cultures
  • all have nouns, verbs, negatives, questions, tenses
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14
Q

psycholinguistics

A

psychological study of language

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15
Q

psycholinguistics areas of interest

A
  • comprehension
  • representation
  • speech production
  • acquisition
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16
Q

comprehension

A

understanding of spoken and written languauge

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17
Q

representation

A

construction of language in the mind and integrating information from a story

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18
Q

speech production

A

mental process involved with speech

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19
Q

acquisition

A

language learning

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20
Q

word frequency

A

frequency that a word is used in a language

21
Q

word frequency effect

A
  • faster to respond to high frequency words (i.e. home) relative to low frequency words (i.e. hike)
  • longer time spent looking at frequency words versus high could indicate that more time is required for processing low-frequency words
22
Q

speech segmentation

A
  • the perception of words in speech
23
Q

our ability to segment speech occurs because of

A
  • word frequency
  • context
  • knowledge of statistical regularities in language
  • word meaning
24
Q

lexical ambiguity

A
  • words with an ambiguous meaning (i.e. rose as a noun or verb)
  • different meanings are activated upon presentation
  • selection of meaning based on context occurs after slight delay
25
Q

meaning dominance

A

a meaning of a word might be more frequent than another meaning (dominant over nondominant)

26
Q

biased dominance

A
  • when one meaning of an ambiguous word occurs more frequently than another
  • i.e. tin metal is the more frequent meaning of tin versus tin container
27
Q

balanced dominance

A
  • multiple meaning of a word are equally likely
  • i.e. the word “cast” as an injury cast vs an acting cast
28
Q

context and meaning in words

A

if context indicates the nonfrequent meaning → both meanings are activated → slow responding

29
Q

parsing

A

grouping words into phrases

30
Q

garden path sentences

A

elicits temporary ambiguity

31
Q

constraint-based approach to parsing

A
  • word meaning
  • story context
  • syntax-based principle
  • scene context: visual word paradigm
  • memory load + prior experience with language
  • subject-relative construction
  • object-relative construction
32
Q

syntax-based principles

A
  • principle of late closure: we add words as we read to the current phrase
33
Q

scene context

A
  • contents in a scene can help one with parsing
  • “place the apple on the towel in the box” example
34
Q

example of subject-relative construction

A
  • sentence: the senator who spotted the reporter shouted
  • main clause: the senator shouted
  • embedded clause: the senator spotted the reporter
  • the senator is the subject in the main and embedded clause → easier to understand and more frequently encountered
35
Q

example of object-relative construction

A
  • sentence: the senator who the reporter spotted shouter
  • main clause: the senator shouted
  • embedded clause: the reporter shouted the senator
  • the senator is the subject in the main clause and object in the embedded → difficult to understand and less frequently encountered
36
Q

inferences

A

coming to conclusions

37
Q

narrative

A

text that progresses from each event

38
Q

coherence

A

creating associations

39
Q

anaphoric inference

A

inferring a connection between individual/object mentioned in one sentence and an individual/object in another sentence

40
Q

instrument inference

A

inferring the tools/methods

41
Q

causal inference

A

inferring events in one clause or sentence was impacted by events described in an earlier sentence

42
Q

situation models

A
  • mental representation of events as if one is experiencing it
  • taking the POV of the protagonist
43
Q

pictures and story comprehension

A
  • faster to verify that a picture was mentioned in the text if it matches the situation
  • “he hammered a nail into the wall” example and eagle example
44
Q

conversations

A
  • 2+ people talking together
  • dynamic and rapid
45
Q

given-new contract

A
  • speaker constructs sentences, so they include: given information, new information, new information can then become given information
46
Q

entrainment

A

synchronization between two people conversing

47
Q

entrainment components

A
  • gestures
  • speaking rate
  • body positions
  • pronounciation
  • grammatical constructions
48
Q

branigan et al.

A

PSYCH 258 MIDTERM #3 (4 decks)

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