chapter sixteen Flashcards
what causes aging?
– Cells age and die
– Aging body can no longer replenish cells or meet physiological demands
what are the hypotheses about the causes of aging?
errors occur in copying DNA, connective tissue stiffens, electron-seeking compounds damage cells, hormone function changes, death programmed into cell, excess caloric intake speeds breakdown
what happens when we age?
Body cells age, no matter what health practices we follow
• To a considerable extent a person can choose how quickly they age
• Usual aging – typical, expected part of aging… increasing fatness, decrease lean body mass, unhealthy lifestyle influenced
• Successful aging – declines that occur only because we grow
what is the concept of compression morbidity
greatest number of healthy years, and fewest years of illness
life span vs life expectancy
Maximum number of years a human can
live
Number of years an average person, born in a
specific year, is expected to live
how does lifestyle impact aging?
One’s pattern of living, food choices, exercise patterns, substance use
• Improving lifestyle can offset issues of family history of premature heart disease
how does environment impact aging?
- Income, education level, health care, shelter, and psychosocial factors
- Being able to purchase nutritious foods, quality health care, safe housing helps decrease rate of aging
- Education helps with decision making
- Autonomy and psychosocial support promote successful aging
what are the adulthood nutrient needs?
consume moreofcertainfoods,nutrients,fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fat-free and low-fat dairy products, seafood
when do calorie needs for inactive adults begin to fall?
age 30
how does taste and smell change with aging?
Decreased sense of taste and smell, impaired neuromuscular coordination, reasoning, memory
ability to prepare meals declines
how does digestion change with aging?
About 25% of older adults have no natural teeth, many more missing some teeth
– Worse in low-income populations
• Contributes to avoiding harder-to-chew foods
• Miss out on important nutrients, protein, iron, zinc
how does immunity change with aging?
Immune system often operates less efficiently
• Protein, vitamins, folate and vitamins A, D, and E, iron, zinc help maximize immune system function
how does insulin sensitivity change with aging?
Rate of hormone synthesis and release can slow; exercising restores elevated blood glucose levels
what are the effects of depression on nutritional health
poor appetite and food choices, many older adults live alone, need social support
What is binge drinking?
men, 5 or more drinks in a row, 4 in a row for women
What counts as a serving of alcohol?
12 fl oz beer, 8-9fl oz malt liqor, 5 fl oz table wine, 3 oz sherry or liqueur, 1.5 fl oz 80-proof spirits
how is alcohol metabolized?
• Requiresnodigestion
• Absorbed rapidly via simple diffusion
• Depends on rate of stomach emptying
• Rate of absorption
– Winedistilled spiritsbeer (slowest)
• Alcohol is found wherever water is found in the body
• Easily moves through the cell membrane (damaging it)
Depends on
– Gender, race, size, food, physical condition, alcohol content
• 90% to 98% is metabolized , mostly in liver
what is cirrhosis of the liver?
Fatty infiltration of the liver • Increased synthesis of fat • Enlarged fat cells – Choke off nutrient and O2 supply to liver cells – Engorged fat cells burst and die • Scar tissues
What are Dietary Guidelines for drinking alcohol?
Moderation, up to 1 drink - women, 2 men, per
day
– None for those who cannot restrict, pregnant, become pregnant, children/adolescents, those taking medications, medical conditions
– None for those engaging activities requiring attention
