chapter sixteen

Question 1

what causes aging?

Answer 1

– Cells age and die

– Aging body can no longer replenish cells or meet physiological demands

Question 2

what are the hypotheses about the causes of aging?

Answer 2

errors occur in copying DNA, connective tissue stiffens, electron-seeking compounds damage cells, hormone function changes, death programmed into cell, excess caloric intake speeds breakdown

Question 3

what happens when we age?

Answer 3

Body cells age, no matter what health practices we follow
• To a considerable extent a person can choose how quickly they age
• Usual aging – typical, expected part of aging… increasing fatness, decrease lean body mass, unhealthy lifestyle influenced
• Successful aging – declines that occur only because we grow

Question 4

what is the concept of compression morbidity

Answer 4

greatest number of healthy years, and fewest years of illness

Question 5

life span vs life expectancy

Answer 5

Maximum number of years a human can
live

Number of years an average person, born in a
specific year, is expected to live

Question 6

how does lifestyle impact aging?

Answer 6

One’s pattern of living, food choices, exercise patterns, substance use
• Improving lifestyle can offset issues of family history of premature heart disease

Question 7

how does environment impact aging?

Answer 7

• Income, education level, health care, shelter, and psychosocial factors
• Being able to purchase nutritious foods, quality health care, safe housing helps decrease rate of aging
• Education helps with decision making
• Autonomy and psychosocial support promote successful aging

Question 8

what are the adulthood nutrient needs?

Answer 8

consume moreofcertainfoods,nutrients,fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fat-free and low-fat dairy products, seafood

Question 9

when do calorie needs for inactive adults begin to fall?

Answer 9

age 30

Question 10

how does taste and smell change with aging?

Answer 10

Decreased sense of taste and smell, impaired neuromuscular coordination, reasoning, memory

ability to prepare meals declines

Question 11

how does digestion change with aging?

Answer 11

About 25% of older adults have no natural teeth, many more missing some teeth
– Worse in low-income populations
• Contributes to avoiding harder-to-chew foods
• Miss out on important nutrients, protein, iron, zinc

Question 12

how does immunity change with aging?

Answer 12

Immune system often operates less efficiently

• Protein, vitamins, folate and vitamins A, D, and E, iron, zinc help maximize immune system function

Question 13

how does insulin sensitivity change with aging?

Answer 13

Rate of hormone synthesis and release can slow; exercising restores elevated blood glucose levels

Question 14

what are the effects of depression on nutritional health

Answer 14

poor appetite and food choices, many older adults live alone, need social support

Question 15

What is binge drinking?

Answer 15

men, 5 or more drinks in a row, 4 in a row for women

Question 16

What counts as a serving of alcohol?

Answer 16

12 fl oz beer, 8-9fl oz malt liqor, 5 fl oz table wine, 3 oz sherry or liqueur, 1.5 fl oz 80-proof spirits

Question 17

how is alcohol metabolized?

Answer 17

• Requiresnodigestion
• Absorbed rapidly via simple diffusion
• Depends on rate of stomach emptying
• Rate of absorption
– Winedistilled spiritsbeer (slowest)
• Alcohol is found wherever water is found in the body
• Easily moves through the cell membrane (damaging it)

Depends on
– Gender, race, size, food, physical condition, alcohol content
• 90% to 98% is metabolized , mostly in liver

Question 18

what is cirrhosis of the liver?

Answer 18

Fatty infiltration of the liver
• Increased synthesis of fat
• Enlarged fat cells
– Choke off nutrient and O2 supply to liver cells – Engorged fat cells burst and die
• Scar tissues

Question 19

What are Dietary Guidelines for drinking alcohol?

Answer 19

Moderation, up to 1 drink - women, 2 men, per
day
– None for those who cannot restrict, pregnant, become pregnant, children/adolescents, those taking medications, medical conditions
– None for those engaging activities requiring attention