chapter fifteen Flashcards
what’s the rate of infant growth?
weight doubles by 6 mos and triples after year 1, length increases 50% by end of year 1
what is the effect of undernutrition on growth?
can be inhibited, overnutrition larger concern
what are the effects of over and underfeeding?
– Overfeeding increases number of adipose cells
– Underfeeding may affect organ development
What are risk factors and possible contributors to failure to thrive?
poverty = largest environmental risk, poor parent-infant interactions, inexperienced parents
What vitamins and minerals may need to be supplemented for an infant breastfed?
vitamin k, vitamin d, vitamin b12 (vegan mothers)
How is the need for water best met for an infant? Is supplement water needed? When would it be needed?
through breast milk; no; after 6mos
signs of possible dehydration in infant?
- More than 6 hours without a wet diaper • Dark-yellow or strong-smelling urine
- Unusually tired and fussy
- Dry mouth and lips
- Absence of tears when crying
- Eyes and soft spot on the head appear sunken • Cold and splotchy hands and feet
Know why it’s important nutritionally to start solid foods at around 6 months. Also know the physical signs of readiness
Nutritional needs – Replenish iron stores – Vitamin D Physiological capabilities – More mature digestive system – Increased kidney function Physical ability – Extrusion reflex disappears – Better head and neck control – Ability to sit up Allergy prevention
how should you introduce foods to an infant?
introduce one food at a time, don’t introduce mixed foods, wait one week before introducing a new food. strain foods and meets, offer juice in a sippy cup, no cow milk until age . allow them to practice, only a few bites, place on lap.
what shouldn’t you feed an infant?
Honey or corn syrup (clostridium botulinum)
• Highly seasoned foods
• Excessive formula or breast milk
• Foods that tend to cause choking (hot dogs, whole grapes)
• Cow’s milk, none till 1 year, then no fat-free or 1%, beyond 2 yr, 1%, fat-free OK
• Goats milk, too low in some nutrients
• Excessive juice
• Food safety hazards, raw milk, soft cheeses, undercooked meat
• Excessive nutrient supplementation
Why are iron and calcium important for preschoolers and what are effects of undernutrition of these vitamins?
low iron stores result in decreased stamina and learning ability; childhood is a time of rapid bone growth and maturation so calcium is vital to maximize bone mass during childhood and adolescence
How can preschoolers reduce sodium intake practically?
more fruits and veggies vs prepackaged snacks
how to introduce foods and handle food “issues” and picky eaters in the preschool years
- Build on what they know, pair new food with familiar food
- Enlist child in selection,preparation
- Serve meals on sectional plate
- Keep it crunchy,mild flavor
- Fingerfoodsarefun
- Save best for last, serve challenging food first
- More hungry, better chance
- Dinner table not a battle ground, no nagging, forcing, bribing
What are possible deficiencies for a vegetarian/vegan infant/child/adolescent
Focus on protein, vitamin B-12, iron, zinc, vitamin D, and calcium rich foods
What are treatment approaches for childhood obesity
- AAP,limit screen time to 14 hours per week
- Limit high-calorie foods, sugared soft drinks, and whole milk
- More vitamin-and mineral- dense foods and healthy snacks
