Chapter six: peacekeeping

Question 1

What is the central argument in chapter six about peacebuilding?

Answer 1

Peacekeepers and the various humanitarian agencies working in war zones need to be aware of the conflict resolution dimension of their work, thee is a vital conflict resolution role for peacekeeping to play even during the most intense period of destruction.

Question 2

What are the different phases in peacekeeping as a conflict resolution mechanism?

Answer 2

First-Generation and second generation peacekeeping missions and additional third-generation operations called peace support operations.

Question 3

What is the problem with using peacekeeping and peace operations interchangeably?

Answer 3

less clearly circumscribed than with traditional peacekeeping, the boundary line between peacekeeping and peace enforcement been blurred including between UN and non Un peacekeeping

Question 4

What are the UNEF1 principles to define UN peacekeeping ( until mid 1990)?

Answer 4

• Consent of the conflict parties
• political neutrality
• impartiality
• the non-use of force except in self-defence
• legitimacy

Question 5

Which three qualities did second-generation peacekeeping possess ?

Answer 5

Multilateral, multidimensional and multinational/multicultural.

Question 6

What did two UN report about the role of the United Nations?

Answer 6

Faced with attempts to murder, expel or terrorize entire populations the neutral, impartial and mediating role of the United Nations was inadequate.

Question 7

What did the two UN reports about the role of the UN call for ?

Answer 7

A process of reflection to clarify and to improve the capacity of the United Nations to respond to various forms of conflict and especially to address the mistakes of peacekeeping at the end of this century to meet the challenges of the next one.

Question 8

What are the challenges of conflict resolution where warlords and militias have established power over civilian populations?

Answer 8

Little recognition of the distinction between combatant and civilian, any obligation to spare women, children and the elderly. valued institutions and way of life of a whole population can be targeted .

Question 9

What is the least dangerous place to be in contemporary wars according to Nordstrom?

Answer 9

In the military. Dirty war strategies are now a feature of a widening band of militias, paramilitaries, warlords and armies seeking control of resources through depredation, terror and force.

Question 10

What is Nordstrom’s concept of deliberate efforts to destroy the normal meanings that define and guide daily life?

Answer 10

The process whereby dirty war becomes the means through which economies of violence merge with cultures of violence. Violence parallels power and people come to have no alternative but to accept fundamental knowledge constructs that are based on force.

Question 11

What does Kalyvas argue about civil wars?

Answer 11

Civil war is a violent physical division of the sovereign entity into rival armed camps.

Question 12

What does working in war zones create for the individual?

Answer 12

Serious challenges for conflict resolution that requires the individual to be aware of their particular dynamics

Question 13

What signifies that the UN kept its essential character defined by Hammarskjold/Pearson in the beginning of second generation peacekeeping?

Answer 13

• context was supporting already achieved peace agreements and assumed short term
• operations were non-forcible
• Missions intergraded under the UN
• Seen to be clearly distinct from UN peace enforcement.

Question 14

Why has none of the original first generation peacekeeping criteria survived?

Answer 14

1. With new wars the situation is no longer clear- cut post agreement consensus nor short term.
2. The UN Brahimi report asked for much more robust forces capable of deterring aggression.
3. Third generation peace operation often executed by regional security organisations or coalitions of the willing and capable
4. Forcible interveners in some cases south no more than UN endorsement sometimes retrospectively.

Question 15

What became common in most third-generation missions?

Answer 15

Peacekeeping operations led by coalitions of the willing and capable and involving a mixture of actors contributing specific expertise and knowledge.

Question 16

What does the Mali case study highlight according to the book?

Answer 16

the complexity of conflict, the creative flexibilities needed to respond to it in contemporary peacekeeping operations, where political, military, security, human security, humanitarian, development and cultural roles are all vital components for a mission to be effective in this kind of conflict.

Question 17

What is a concern about peacekeeping in regards to the Mali case study?

Answer 17

Concerns that peacekeeping may become too closely allied to the unaccountable activities of counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism strategies.

Question 18

What are the principles mentioned in the DPKO capstone doctrine?

Answer 18

Consent, impartiality, non use of force, credibility in swift deployment and capacity to deter spoilers. Legitimacy in firm and fair exercise of a legal mandate. And promotion of national and local ownership of the peace process

Question 19

Why is there no authoritative guidance for peacekeeping at the moment?

Answer 19

The absence of clear international agreement and the fact that peace operations also involve a range of non-UN contributions.

Question 20

How is third-generation peacekeeping developed?

Answer 20

Traditional first-generation peacekeeping with traditional war fighting .

Question 21

Around which themes is the Millennium report organised?

Answer 21

The quest for freedom from fear ( through conflict management and resolution), freedom from want ( through economic development and growth) and sustaining the future (through careful husbanding of the earth’s resources and ecosystem)

Question 22

What was to provide the normative basis for future peace operations?

Answer 22

Putting peacekeeping and peacebuilding at the cutting edge of the UN’s core function in the contemporary world.

Question 23

What is the neo-realist position on peacekeeping?

Answer 23

Dismissive of the UN showing scant interest in international law, and refuses to use ‘peace language at all

Question 24

What is necessary in the neo-realist perspective?

Answer 24

Stabilization forces- military support for stability, security, transition and reconstruction.

Question 25

How does David chandler interpret contemporary world politics?

Answer 25

No more than a limited society of states with a common interest in preserving collective order, but not enough to underpin universal interventionary principles. sovereignty preserves plural values and is best left to do just that.

Question 26

What is Wheeler’s view of of peacekeeping?

Answer 26

A more extended view of of international society along Grotian lines, the society of states is interpreted in a more expansive manner to include Universal humanitarian values that trump state sovereignty, either when civil government is contested to the point of breakdown or if it proves incapable of fulfilling its prime task of protecting citizen’s rights, wider international society is seen to have a legitimate interest in intervening as long as this is interpreted as human security and can be seen to internationally sanctioned this would define genuine third-generation peace operations.

Question 27

What is the critical theoretic approach to peacekeeping?

Answer 27

criticizes the existing practice as objectivist, non-reflexive and instrumentalist. all existing versions of peacekeeping are seen to lack critical awareness of their own assumptions condemned to reproduce power imbalances and inequalities even when they thing they are acting impartially.