Chapter 1 Concepts and Definitions p 9-26

Question 1

what are the four origins of conflict mentioned in the book?

Answer 1

Economic differentiation, social change, cultural formation, psychological development and political organization.

Question 2

how are conflict parties formed ?

Answer 2

coming to have or perceived to have mutually incompatible goals.

Question 3

the new field of conflict resolution in the 1950s defined itself as?

Answer 3

in relation to the challenge of understanding and transforming destructive human conflicts.

Question 4

What are the 5 demands of conflict resolution ( in the new field 1950s)?

Answer 4

Multi-level, multidisciplinary, multicultural, both analytic and normative, both theoretical and practical.

Question 5

John Paul Lederach states about conflict resolution and conflict transformation the following:

Answer 5

conflict resolution is compared to conflict transfprmation content-centred instead of relationship-centred, aims at immediate agreement rather than long term process and committed to de-escalation rather than also including escalation to pursue constructive change.

Question 6

for which four reasons do we use conflict resolution as the generic term?

Answer 6

1. earliest term
2. because it is the most widely used term among analysts and practitioners
3. term most well known among media and general public
4. the term conflict transformation is in itself inherently indeterminate unless further qualified.

Question 7

What are the components of Galtung’s triangle model of conflict violence and peace ?

Answer 7

Contradictions (C)
Attitude (A)
Behaviour (B)

Question 8

How do we end direct violence?

Answer 8

By changing conflict behaviour

Question 9

How do we end structural violence?

Answer 9

By removing structural contradictions and injustices

Question 10

How do we end cultural violence?

Answer 10

By changing attitudes.

Question 11

How does Galtung define Negative Peace?

Answer 11

the cessation of direct violence

Question 12

How does Galtung define Positive Peace?

Answer 12

the overcoming of structural and cultural violence besides the ending of direct violence.

Question 13

What is meant Rousseau’s forcing people to be free phrase?

Answer 13

the well-known paradox that those that battle against perceived injustice themselves use force to do so.

Question 14

What is the problem of the happy slave?

Answer 14

the fact that people may not realise that they are being exploited ( brainwashing, false consciousness)

Question 15

what is the hourglass model?

Answer 15

The narrowing of political space that characterized conflict escalation and the widening of political space characterizing conflict de-escalation

Question 16

what is the most common outcome in violent conflicts?

Answer 16

a lose-lose outcome that may impose massive costs on each other. worse off than if another strategy had been adopted.

Question 17

What are basic human needs considered as?

Answer 17

Generic and Non-negotiable

Question 18

What can the entering of a third party in conflict create?

Answer 18

change of the conflict structure and allowing a different pattern of communication.

Question 19

why is the term power ambiguous?

Answer 19

one hand power to command, order, enforce- coercive or ‘hard’ power. on the other hand, it means the power to induce cooperation, to legitimize, inspire- persuasive or ‘soft’ power.

Question 20

In the long term with which power should societies be held together?

Answer 20

Integrative power