Chapter seven ending violent conflict: peacemaking

Question 1

Ending a violent conflict does not necessarily mean what?

Answer 1

It does not always resolve the issues that were rout causes, resolving the issue in conflict does not necessarily mean the end of violence.

Question 2

What does conflict resolution aim for?

Answer 2

A transformation of the conflict and the elimination of violence.

Question 3

What constitutes a war-ending according to Wallensteen?

Answer 3

Fewer than twenty-five battle-related deaths occur in the following year.

Question 4

When is a violent conflict over?

Answer 4

When a new political dispensation prevails, usually not a precise moment in time but a process.

Question 5

What concludes Licklider about endings of civil war?

Answer 5

Civil wars ended by negotiated settlements are more likely to lead to the recurrence of armed conflict than those ended by military victories. Those ended by military victories are more likely to lead to genocide.

Question 6

What does Christine bell define peace agreements as ?

Answer 6

Peace agreements are documents produced after discussion with some or all of the conflict’s protagonists that address militarily violent conflict with a view to ending it.

Question 7

What does Christine Bell see highlighted in the peace agreements?

Answer 7

The aspects of hybrid self-determination and constructive ambiguity, ultimately derived from the attempt to translate the conflict from violent to non-violent forms, rather than resolve it.

Question 8

What is the art of peace-making?

Answer 8

constantly evolving to accommodate the new breed of complex, hybrid and mutating conflicts now prevalent.

Question 9

What are difficulties in conflict resolution?

Answer 9

spoilers who gain from continuing conflict, factions who resist accommodation, bargaining and trust in reaching agreements.

Question 10

What is the sunk costs phenomenon?

Answer 10

Induces parties to continue the fight in the hope of offsetting the losses incurred to date.

Question 11

What is Vayrynen’s broad approach for conflict resolution?

Answer 11

A broad approach recognizing the fluidity of the conflict process. conflicts are inherently dynamic, and conflict resolution has to engage with a complex of shifting relations, often within a wider system that has become resistant to piecemeal change.

Question 12

What are the five ways of conflict transformation according to Varynen?

Answer 12

1. Context transformation(changes in the context may have bigger effect than changes within the parties or their relationships)
2. structural transformation (transformation of the structure so actors, and incompatible goals/relationships)
3. Actor transformation ( redefine directions and goals)
4. Issue transformation (change in the position on the issue)
5. Personal and group transformation

Question 13

What are noticeable factors in transforming conflict after the cold war?

Answer 13

The reduction in the capacity or willingness of external power to support fighting factions, the capacity of rebel groups to finance their struggles, the willingness of the conflict parties themselves to consider a negotiated agreement.

Question 14

What is the hurting stalemate concept?

Answer 14

Both sides realize that they cannot achieve their aims by further violence and that it is costly to go on.

Question 15

Which elements must be present for negotiations to succeed?

Answer 15

A valid spokespersons for the parties, a deadline, and a vision of an acceptable compromise.

Question 16

What is ripeness?

Answer 16

A complex process of transformations in the situation, shifts in public attitudes, and new perceptions and visions among decision-makers.

Question 17

What is Pruitt’s readiness theory?

Answer 17

Conflicts are ripe for settlement when parties mutually accept that the costs of continuing outweigh the benefits of a negotiated agreement. Two main psychological variables that influence each conflict party: motivation and optimism.

Question 18

How is motivation increased?

Answer 18

By the conclusion that the war is unwinnable or can be won only at unacceptable cost, as well as by pressure from powerful third parties.

Question 19

What does optimism result from?

Answer 19

Lowering expectations, developing trust that the adversary also wants a positive outcome, and perceiving light at the end of the tunnel

Question 20

What is a curial factor of the central coalition theory ?

Answer 20

There must be a central coalition at a sufficient level of readiness to negotiate and strong enough to withstand the counter-pull of spoilers.

Question 21

What does conflict resolution attempt ?

Answer 21

To involve different kinds of agency, address different groups and vary in form, duration and purpose.

Question 22

What are the debates in regards to third party intervention about ?

Answer 22

• Impartial or partial
• coercive or non-coercive
• state-based or non-state-based and carried out by outsiders or insiders.

Question 23

What are third parties on the soft end of the spectrum ?

Answer 23

Often essential in contribution to issue transformations. They typically help conflicting parties by putting them in contact with one another, gaining their trust and confidence, setting agendas, clarifying issues and formulating agreements.

Question 24

At which stage is mediation especially important?

Answer 24

At a stage when at least some of the parties have come to accept that pursuing the conflict is unlikely to achieve their goals, but before they have reached the stage of accepting formal negotiations.

Question 25

What emphasizes Rupesinghe?

Answer 25

The importance of building capacity to manage conflict within the affected society, a process which will necessarily involve the need for knowledge about the traditions of conflict management to which Salem referred.

Question 26

When are regional organizations important in conflict resolution?

Answer 26

In managing in mediation with conflicts in their own region.

Question 27

Which three things need to happen for mediation to lead to a durable peace agreement?

Answer 27

1. The parties have to accept the mediator.
2. They have to come to an agreement as a result of the mediation.
3. The agreement has to be durable .
   each of these stages is a measure of effectiveness.

Question 28

Which dilemma arises once peace process has begun?

Answer 28

Whether the first thing to do is to address the core issues in the conflict, which tend to be the most difficult or to concentrate on the peripheral issues in the hope of making early agreements and establishing momentum.