Chapter Six

Question 1

Accessibility

Answer 1

the degree to which a piece of information can be recalled, given certain retrieval cues

Question 2

Amnesia

Answer 2

emory loss due to brain damage

Question 3

Autonoetic Consciousness

Answer 3

the experience of recollection that accompanies episodic retrieval

Question 4

Availability

Answer 4

whether or not information is actually stored in memory

Question 5

Component Process Theory

Answer 5

account of explicit-explicit memory dissociations, which proposes that memory tasks recruit different memory components in different combinations

Question 6

Context Dependency Effects

Answer 6

he finding that, given a particular encoding context, memory is better when retrieval reinstates that context

Question 7

Cued Recall

Answer 7

explicit memory test in which some hint (i.e., a cue) is given to aid retrieval

Question 8

Declarative Memory

Answer 8

the conscious forms of memory, such as retrieving memory for facts and events

Question 9

Distinctiveness

Answer 9

the degree to which information is distinguished from other information in memory

Question 10

Distributed Repetition

Answer 10

repeated presentations that are spread out over time

Question 11

Elaboration

Answer 11

the degree to which information is well specified, described, and/or related to other information in memory

Question 12

Elaborative Rehearsal

Answer 12

the formation of links between material to be remembered and information already stored in memory

Question 13

Enactment Effect

Answer 13

he finding that people are better at remembering action phrases (e.g., “hammer the nail”) if they enact the activity rather than simply read it

Question 14

Encoding

Answer 14

he processes involved in the acquisition of material

Question 15

Encoding Specificity Principle

Answer 15

states that the retrieval of information in memory will be effective to the degree that the cues present at retrieval match the information that was present at encoding

Question 16

Episodic Memory

Answer 16

the memory for personally experienced events that include contextual elements

Question 17

Explicit (direct) Memory Tests

Answer 17

memory tests that involve the conscious recollection of some specific event or episode from the past

Question 18

Generation Effect

Answer 18

the finding that material produced by participants in some active way is better remembered than material that is simply read passively

Question 19

Implicit (indirect) Memory Tests

Answer 19

memory tests in which successful performance does not depend on conscious recollection of some specific event or episode from the past

Question 20

Incidental Learning

Answer 20

conditions in which a memory test is not expected

Question 21

Individual Item Processing

Answer 21

the degree to which we process information in terms of individual characteristics; aided by conditions that lead to distinctive processing

Question 22

Intentional Learning

Answer 22

conditions in which a memory test is expected

Question 23

Levels-of-processing theory

Answer 23

a theory emphasizing the notion that memory depends on how information is processed at encoding

Question 24

Maintenance Rehearsal

Answer 24

mental practice that consists simply of repeating information over and over

Question 25

Massed Repetition

Answer 25

repeated presentations that occur closely together in time

Question 26

Material-Appropriate processing

Answer 26

notion that the type of processing that one should emphasize in studying material for later retention depends on the nature of the material

Question 27

Noetic Consciousness

Answer 27

the sense of familiarity (and the absence of conscious recollection) during semantic memory retrieval

Question 28

Organization

Answer 28

the degree to which incoming information is, or can be, structured

Question 29

Outshining hypothesis

Answer 29

cuing principle that states that encoding context will only be used as a cue for retrieval when no better cues are available

Question 30

Priming

Answer 30

the benefit gained in performance from having previously seen a word

Question 31

Procedural memory

Answer 31

he nonconscious forms of memory, such as priming and the learning of skills and habits

Question 32

prospective memory test

Answer 32

memory test that involves remembering to perform an action in the future

Question 33

recall

Answer 33

an explicit memory test in which participants must retrieve information given relatively little information

Question 34

recogntiion

Answer 34

n explicit memory test in which participants must discriminate items previously presented from new items

Question 35

rehearsal

Answer 35

mental practice

Question 36

relational processing

Answer 36

the degree to which we process information in terms of interrelationships; aided to the degree that incoming information affords organization

Question 37

Repetition

Answer 37

the presentation of an item more than once

Question 38

Retrieval

Answer 38

the processes that lead to the reactivation of a memory

Question 39

Retrieval cues

Answer 39

reminders; information that assists in the reactivation of stored information

Question 40

retrieval failure

Answer 40

forgetting that occurs due to a lack of appropriate retrieval cues

Question 41

retrospective memory test

Answer 41

memory test that involves remembering information from the past

Question 42

self-initiated retrieval

Answer 42

unique feature of prospective memory; a person has to initiate the retrieval of a memory without any cue (i.e., they must “remember to remember”)

Question 43

Self-reference effect

Answer 43

material that is related to the self tends to be well remembered

Question 44

Semantic Memory

Answer 44

the knowledge or information about the world that does not include contextual elements

Question 45

Spacing Effect

Answer 45

he advantage of distributed repetitions over massed repetitions

Question 46

Storage

Answer 46

he retention of a memory representation

Question 47

Testing Effect

Answer 47

the finding that periodic retrieval of information is an effective means of improving long-term memory for that information

Question 48

Transfer-appropriate processing

Answer 48

the degree to which the processing performed at encoding maps onto the processes required at retrieval

Question 49

Unconscious plagiarism

Answer 49

wrongly taking credit for an idea when in reality one is implicitly remembering an idea from another source

Question 50

Von Restoroff phenomenon

Answer 50

the finding that information that stands out from its context tends to be well remembered

Question 51

Word fragment completion

Answer 51

an implicit memory test in which fragmented words are presented for completion

Question 52

Word stem completion

Answer 52

an implicit memory test requiring participants to complete a three-letter stem with the first word that comes to mind