Chapter Six Flashcards
Accessibility
the degree to which a piece of information can be recalled, given certain retrieval cues
Amnesia
emory loss due to brain damage
Autonoetic Consciousness
the experience of recollection that accompanies episodic retrieval
Availability
whether or not information is actually stored in memory
Component Process Theory
account of explicit-explicit memory dissociations, which proposes that memory tasks recruit different memory components in different combinations
Context Dependency Effects
he finding that, given a particular encoding context, memory is better when retrieval reinstates that context
Cued Recall
explicit memory test in which some hint (i.e., a cue) is given to aid retrieval
Declarative Memory
the conscious forms of memory, such as retrieving memory for facts and events
Distinctiveness
the degree to which information is distinguished from other information in memory
Distributed Repetition
repeated presentations that are spread out over time
Elaboration
the degree to which information is well specified, described, and/or related to other information in memory
Elaborative Rehearsal
the formation of links between material to be remembered and information already stored in memory
Enactment Effect
he finding that people are better at remembering action phrases (e.g., “hammer the nail”) if they enact the activity rather than simply read it
Encoding
he processes involved in the acquisition of material
Encoding Specificity Principle
states that the retrieval of information in memory will be effective to the degree that the cues present at retrieval match the information that was present at encoding
Episodic Memory
the memory for personally experienced events that include contextual elements
Explicit (direct) Memory Tests
memory tests that involve the conscious recollection of some specific event or episode from the past
Generation Effect
the finding that material produced by participants in some active way is better remembered than material that is simply read passively
Implicit (indirect) Memory Tests
memory tests in which successful performance does not depend on conscious recollection of some specific event or episode from the past
Incidental Learning
conditions in which a memory test is not expected
Individual Item Processing
the degree to which we process information in terms of individual characteristics; aided by conditions that lead to distinctive processing
Intentional Learning
conditions in which a memory test is expected
Levels-of-processing theory
a theory emphasizing the notion that memory depends on how information is processed at encoding
Maintenance Rehearsal
mental practice that consists simply of repeating information over and over
Massed Repetition
repeated presentations that occur closely together in time
Material-Appropriate processing
notion that the type of processing that one should emphasize in studying material for later retention depends on the nature of the material
Noetic Consciousness
the sense of familiarity (and the absence of conscious recollection) during semantic memory retrieval
Organization
the degree to which incoming information is, or can be, structured
Outshining hypothesis
cuing principle that states that encoding context will only be used as a cue for retrieval when no better cues are available
Priming
the benefit gained in performance from having previously seen a word
Procedural memory
he nonconscious forms of memory, such as priming and the learning of skills and habits
prospective memory test
memory test that involves remembering to perform an action in the future
recall
an explicit memory test in which participants must retrieve information given relatively little information
recogntiion
n explicit memory test in which participants must discriminate items previously presented from new items
rehearsal
mental practice
relational processing
the degree to which we process information in terms of interrelationships; aided to the degree that incoming information affords organization
Repetition
the presentation of an item more than once
Retrieval
the processes that lead to the reactivation of a memory
Retrieval cues
reminders; information that assists in the reactivation of stored information
retrieval failure
forgetting that occurs due to a lack of appropriate retrieval cues
retrospective memory test
memory test that involves remembering information from the past
self-initiated retrieval
unique feature of prospective memory; a person has to initiate the retrieval of a memory without any cue (i.e., they must “remember to remember”)
Self-reference effect
material that is related to the self tends to be well remembered
Semantic Memory
the knowledge or information about the world that does not include contextual elements
Spacing Effect
he advantage of distributed repetitions over massed repetitions
Storage
he retention of a memory representation
Testing Effect
the finding that periodic retrieval of information is an effective means of improving long-term memory for that information
Transfer-appropriate processing
the degree to which the processing performed at encoding maps onto the processes required at retrieval
Unconscious plagiarism
wrongly taking credit for an idea when in reality one is implicitly remembering an idea from another source
Von Restoroff phenomenon
the finding that information that stands out from its context tends to be well remembered
Word fragment completion
an implicit memory test in which fragmented words are presented for completion
Word stem completion
an implicit memory test requiring participants to complete a three-letter stem with the first word that comes to mind
