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PSY 253 - Cognitive Psychology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Ad hoc categories

A

categories formed “on the fly” in the service of a goal

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2
Q

Artifact Categories

A

categories of objects designed or invented by humans to serve particular functions

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3
Q

Basic level of categorization

A

level of categorization between superordinate and subordinate; represents the preferred level of specificity

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4
Q

Category

A

a grouping of objects or ideas that have some common underlying feature or set of features

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5
Q

Category Verification Task

A

task used to assess semantic memory structure in which participants are asked to verify or deny statements about category membership

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6
Q

Classical View

A

the view that items are classified into particular categories if they have certain features or characteristics

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7
Q

Concept

A

the mental representation of a category

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8
Q

Entry point for recognition

A

the default level of categorization that we use for familiar objects

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9
Q

Essential Approach

A

he view that categorization is based on a person’s general idea or explanation of the essence of a particular concept

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10
Q

Exemplar Approach

A

view of categorization that suggests that we represent categories in terms of examples, or exemplars; when we think about the concept, we retrieve one of these examples

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11
Q

Expertise view

A

view that our superior face recognition ability develops after extensive exposure to faces

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12
Q

Exploratory Procedure (EPs)

A

movements we use for tactile identification

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13
Q

Family resemblance

A

the degree of overlap between members of a category

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14
Q

Feature Analysis

A

one version of the p-based approach to object recognition; contends that we recognize objects via an analysis and recombination of their component parts

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15
Q

Feature Verification Task

A

a task used to assess semantic memory structure in which participants are asked to verify or deny statements about the features of concepts

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16
Q

Folk Biology

A

the notion that knowledge of biological systems constitutes a cognitive module that has evolved in the service of adaptation to the environment

17
Q

Fuzzy Boundaries

A

the notion that separation between some categories (e.g., “games” and “sports”) is indistinct

18
Q

Geons

A

the basic 3-D shapes that form the basis for object recognition, according to the RBC approach

19
Q

Graded Structure

A

the fact that category members differ in how well they represent the category

20
Q

Haptics

A

information gathered from hand position and hand movement

21
Q

Levels of categorization

A

the notion that categories can be described at varying levels of specificity and generality

22
Q

Natural Kinds/Natural Categories

A

categories of objects that occur naturally in the world

23
Q

Object Recognition

A

the processes whereby we match an incoming stimulus with stored representations for the purpose of identification

24
Q

Olfactory verbal gap

A

people have difficulty describing and correctly identifying colors

25
Q

Structural Description-Based (SDB) Approaches

A

propose that object recognition is based primarily on a process of parsing an object into its component parts

26
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

a neurological disorder characterized by an inability to recognize faces

27
Q

Prototype

A

the most representative member (or members) of a given category

28
Q

Prototype Approach

A

a view of categorization proposing that we categorize by judging similarity between a target concept and a best example from the category

29
Q

Recognition-by-components (RBC)

A

Biederman’s view of object recognition; contends that recognition is a matter of separating an image into a structural description and using this description for identification

30
Q

Special Mechanism View

A

view that our superior face recognition ability is due to specialized brain mechanism(s)

31
Q

Spreading Activation Model

A

a network model of semantic memory that posits links of varying types among related concepts and assumes spread of activation during knowledge retrieval

32
Q

Template Matching Theory

A

view of pattern/object recognition whereby we compare incoming patterns to stored whole patterns in memory until we find a match

33
Q

Templates

A

the stored replicas of patterns that need to be identified

34
Q

Thatcher Illusion

A

inability to notice facial distortion in inverted faces

35
Q

Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) State

A

a block in retrieval accompanied by a strong feeling of knowing

36
Q

Typicality effect

A

he tendency to generate one of the most common category members in response to a category prompt

37
Q

View-Based (VB) Approaches

A

contend that we recognize objects by comparing incoming visual information to stored whole-object images representing the objects

PSY 253 - Cognitive Psychology (6 decks)

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