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PE 3+4 > Chapter Seven : Acute Responses to Exercise > Flashcards

Chapter Seven : Acute Responses to Exercise Flashcards

1
Q

Acute responses definition

A

An immediate change in the respiratory, cardiovascular and/or muscular system in response to exercise

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2
Q

Respiratory acute responses

A

Respiratory rate
Tidal volume
Ventilation
Diffusion

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3
Q

Cardiovascular acute responses

A 
O2 consumption
a-VO2 difference
Cardiac output
Venous return
Blood pressure 
Redistribution of blood flow
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4
Q

Muscular acute responses

A

Temperature
Motor unit recruitment
Energy substrates
Lactate

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5
Q

Ventilation definition

A

How much air is breathed in or out in one minute (L/min)

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6
Q

Ventilation during exercise

A

Increases during exercise as tidal volume and respiratory rate increase
At submax intensity, ventilation will increase linearly
At max intensity, ventilation will increase until the exercise is stopped

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7
Q

Ventilation equation

A

Tidal volume (L/breath) X Respiratory Rate (brreaths/min)

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8
Q

Tidal volume definition

A

How much air is inspired or expired in one breath

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9
Q

Respiratory rate definition

A

The number of breaths taken in one minute

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10
Q

Ventilatory threshold

A

The point where ventilation is no longer increasingly linearly with the exercise intensity. Occurs at 65-75 % of max O2 consumption

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11
Q

Diffusion in at the alveoli

A

O2 concentration in the lungs is high so it diffuses into the bloodstream
CO2 concentration in the bloodstream is high so it diffuses into the alveoli

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12
Q

Diffusion at the muscle

A

O2 concentration is high in the blood stream so it diffuses into the muscle
CO2 concentration is high in the muscle so it diffuses into the blood

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13
Q

Diffusion during exercise

A

The surface area of the alveoli and the muscle increase so more O2 and CO2 can be exchanged increasing rate of diffusion

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14
Q

Cardiac Output definition

A

The amount of blood pumped out of the heart in one minute (L/min)

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15
Q

Cardiac output equation

A

Cardiac output (Q) = Heart Rate X Stroke volume

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16
Q

Heart rate definiton

A

The number of times the heart beats in one minute (bpm)

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17
Q

Stroke volume definition

A

The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat (L/beat)

18
Q

Cardiac output during exercise

A

Increases as exercise intensity increases
Stroke volume increases as there are stronger contractions of the heart, reaches a maximum
Heart rate increases until the max is reached which is 220-age
A trained athlete has a larger SV than an untrained athlete

19
Q

VO2 definition

A

Is the volume of oxygen that can be taken up and used by the body

20
Q

VO2 during exercise

A

As exercise intensity increases so does O2 consumption

21
Q

a-VO2 difference

A

The difference in O2 concentration in the arterioles compared to the venules; a measure of how much O2 the muscles are extracting from the blood

22
Q

a-VO2 difference during exercise

A

As exercise intensity increases the working muscles extract greater amounts of O2 from the blood, increasing the a-VO2 difference. It can reach 100%

23
Q

Venous return definition

A

The flow of blood back to the heart

24
Q

Venous return during exercise

A

The heart can only eject how much blood it had in its ventricles so venous return increases to return more blood to the heart
During exercise the venous return is increased via the muscle pump, respiratory pump and venoconstriction, and one-way valves

25
Q

Venous return muscle pump

A

When the muscles contract they squash the veins pushing the blood back up to the heart, the blood catches in the valves

26
Q

Venous return respiratory pump

A

During expiration the veins filled with blood to be pushed up, respiratory rate increases making the pump more effective

27
Q

Venous return venoconstriction

A

When the veins constrict pushing the blood towards the heart, reflex action

28
Q

Blood volume during exercise

A

During aerobic exercise, blood volumes decrease depending on intensity, environmental factors (temp) and level of hydration
Due to the fluid loss from sweat, decreases blood plasma

29
Q

Redistribution of blood flow during exercise

A

At rest 80% of blood is directed to the brain and internal organs
At submaximal intensity 50-60% is directed to the working muscles
During max intensity 80% is directed to the working muscles
Arteries vasoconstrict to the areas not needing blood
Arteries vasodilate to the areas needing blood

30
Q

Redistribution of blood flow

A

Provides O2 and fuels needed for energy production and to remove waste products from working muscles

31
Q

Blood pressure during exercise

A

Increase in cardiac output increases blood pressure
Both the systolic and diastolic blood pressure can increase, systolic increases more in exercise
Aerobic exercise causes a rise, however higher intensity increases it more

32
Q

Systolic blood pressure definition

A

Pressure in the arteries following contraction of ventricles as blood is pumped out of the heart

33
Q

Diastolic blood pressure definition

A

The pressure in the arteries when the heart relaxes and ventricles fill with blood

34
Q

Diastole definition

A

The relaxation phase of the heartbeat

35
Q

Systole definition

A

The contraction phase of the heartbeat

36
Q

Increased blood flow during exercise (muscular responses)

A

The skeletal capillaries open up to allow increase in total muscle blood flow, deliver large blood volume with min increase in blood flow velocity and increase surface area to increase diffusion rates

37
Q

Recruitment and activation of muscle fibres during exercise

A

During exercise the brain signals to increase the amount of motor units used
Smaller, slower twitch fibres that are slower to contract are recruited first then the largest fast twitch fibres are recruited

38
Q

Motor unit principle

A

When a motor unit is activated it will contract maximally or not at all

39
Q

Motor unit definition

A

A motor neuron and the muscle fibres it stimulates

40
Q

Energy substrates during exercise

A

ATP is used up really quickly
Glycogen is then used
All fuel substrates decrease within the muscles as they are used up

41
Q

Lactate during exercise

A

Lactate remains stable being removed through oxidation until the lactate inflection point is reached and then the lactate increases quickly, unable to be removed and causing fatigue

42
Q

Body temp during exercise

A

Heat is a by-product of converting chemical to electrical energy
Sweat glands activate and the blood flow increases to the skin allowing heat to be released through the skin

PE 3+4 (16 decks)

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