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Psychology Chapters One And Two > Chapter's 5 and 6 > Flashcards

Chapter's 5 and 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is consciousness?

A

awareness of external and internal stimuli

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2
Q

What does ‘stream of consciousness’ mean?

A

a shifting from the inside and outside world

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3
Q

What are the three levels of consciousness?

A
  • unconscious; freud introduced this idea of inaccessible to awareness
  • preconscious; able to pull into consciousness
  • conscious; includes a range of states
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4
Q

When using a controlled process you need_________.

A

whole consciousness/ full awareness

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5
Q

When using an automatic process it requires __________.

A

little awareness/happens without thinking

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6
Q

What is another name for biological rhythms?

A

circadian rhythms

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7
Q

What are circadian rhythms?

A

biological rhythms that change with time and follow a 24hr cycle
example: the sleep wake cycle

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8
Q

What does BRAC stand for?

A

Basic
Rest
Activity
Cycle

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9
Q

What happens when there are no cues to circadian rhythms?

A

You still see a cycle however it goes a little longer

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10
Q

Internal clock keeps rhythm independantly it just ___________.

A

runs a little slow

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11
Q

What part of the body keeps track of time?

A 
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) found in the hypothalamus
(example of function, signals the pineal gland to release melatonin to regulate sleep)
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12
Q

What are some side effects of disruption in circadian rhythms?

A
  • disparity btw external clock and internal cues

- leads to sleep, physical, mood, personal problems

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13
Q

What are some common causes of disruptions in circadian rhythms?

A

jet leg or shift work

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14
Q

What treatment can you use to help with disruption in circadian rhythms?

A
  • Exposure to bright light
  • You can reset the internal clock
  • Affects melatonin levels
  • Treatment for SAD(seasonal affective disorder) is bright light
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15
Q

What are the 5 stages of sleep?

A

Stage 1 (light sleep)
Stage 2 (sound asleep but if woken don’t realize that they were asleep)
Stage 3&4 (data activity; slow waves;deep sleep)
Stage 5 REM Sleep aka paradoxical sleep
(rapid eye movement

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16
Q

What occurs during stage 1 of the sleep cycle?

A
  • theta waves
  • light sleep
  • breathing and heart rate slow as muscle tension and body temperature declines
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17
Q

What occurs in stage 2 of the sleep cycle?

A
  • periodically see sleep spindles (higher brain activity)

- breathing and heart rate slow as muscle tension and body temperature continues to decline

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18
Q

In what stage to hypnic jerks occur?

A

stage 1

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19
Q

What occurs during stages 3 and 4?

A
  • slow wave sleep which has high amplitude and low frequency DELTA waves
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20
Q

What is another name for REM sleep

A

stage 5 or paradoxical sleep

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21
Q

What are the differences between NREM and REM?

A 
REM
-There is rapid eye movement 
- vivid dreaming
- alternates between REM and NREM
NREM
- dreams may occur but aren't vivid
- no rapid eye movement
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22
Q

Why do we sleep?

A

They think

  • restorative function during sleep
  • brain activity
  • learning and memory
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23
Q

What are some sleep disorders?

A
  • insomnia
  • narcolepsy
  • REM sleep behaviour disorders
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24
Q

What are some REM sleep disorders?

A
  • act out dreams

- no loss of muscle tone

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25
In what stage of sleep does sleep walking occur?
Stage 4 | NOT acting out dreams
26
Does everyone dream?
yes
27
Do people know when they are dreaming?
most do not unless they are lucid dreamers
28
Can people control their dreams?
sometimes
29
What do we dream about?
our everyday life
30
What is the theory of dreaming (Freud)?
- dreams are a form of wish fulfilment - the days residue - manifest vs latent content
31
What does manifest refer to?
the story line
32
What does latent refer to?
what the story really means
33
What is the problem solving theory of dreaming (Cartwright)?
- way of dealing with life problems | - dreams are like a metaphor
34
What is the synthesis activation theory (aka activation synthesis model)?
- dreams are a by product of random neural activity so they do not mean anything - "activation" is the hindbrain firing at random - "synthesis" is when the cortex tries to impose memories
35
List some facts about hypnosis?
- variability in responsiveness - if you have a vivid imagination you are more easily hypnotized - how absorbed you get in things - you can't be hypnotized if you don't want to be
36
What happens to you when you are hypnotized?
You become - open to suggestions - disinhibited - post-hypnotic suggestion or amnesia
37
What are some clinical applications of hypnosis?
- Pain management - Reduce the addictions of smoking and over eating - Psychological treatment of depression, etc - Recalling to aid in police search (mostly ineffective)
38
What is classical conditioning (Pavlov)?
- pavlov and drooling dogs - type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus
39
What is operant conditioning (Skinner)?
- Operant conditioning is a form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences (like when you train a cat) - reinforcement and punishment
40
Define learning.
- a relativel enduring change in behaviour as a result of experience - basic forms of learning happen automatically; learning association; results in changes of behaviour
41
Define unconditioned stimulus.
you don't have to learn it it is just a reflex
42
Define conditioned stimulus.
associated with an unconditioned stimulus to cause the same response
43
Define neutral stimulus.
not related to an unconditioned response
44
Define conditioned response.
a learned response to previous neutral stimuli
45
What is extinction of a classical condition?
Extinction is when the occurrences of a conditioned response decrease or disappear.
46
What are ways to treat phobias?
- systematic desensatization (slowly work your way up to the worst) - flooding (take you to the top of the hierarchy of fear first)
47
What is spontaneous recovery?
when you extinguish a fear and then you experience it again after a lot of time has passed since the last time you were exposed to your fear
48
Often things that resemble the conditioned stimulus can cause a ______ _____?
conditioned response
49
Who is the most famous psychologist?
B.F. Skinner
50
What is operant conditioning
association between actions and their consequences
51
The law of effect is that when actions have _____ outcomes you are more likely to _______ them.
satisfying outcomes | repeat them
52
What is skinners box?
used consequences to train rats in boxes
53
Define reinforcement.
reinforcement is when a behaviour lead to a good consequence
54
Reinforcers ______ the behaviour.
strengthen
55
Define positive reinforcement.
behaviour adds something
56
Define negative feedback.
(also good outcomes that strengthen behaviour) - behaviour takes away or avoids something - eg. teenager has privilege taken away for skipping school
57
Punishment or bad consequences will ______ behaviour.
weaken
58
Define positive punishment.
adds something nasty | eg. responding by yelling
59
Define negative feedback.
takes away something nice
60
What are some problems with punishment?
- only suppresses behaviour, doesn't teach alternatives - generates negative emotion - physical punishment increases aggressive behaviour in children
61
classical conditioning is also called...
pavlovian conditioning
62
Operant conditioning was also called...
instrumental learning (term introduced by thorndike)
63
Thorndike put cats in puzzle boxes and made it so they needed to elicit a _____ ______ to get food.
specific response
64
Thorndikes work inspired who?
Skinner
65
What is the law of effect?
the law of effect is, if a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the association between the stimulus and the response is strengthened

Psychology Chapters One And Two (4 decks)

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