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Psychology Chapters One And Two > Chapter's 5 and 6 > Flashcards

Chapter's 5 and 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is consciousness?

A

awareness of external and internal stimuli

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2
Q

What does ‘stream of consciousness’ mean?

A

a shifting from the inside and outside world

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3
Q

What are the three levels of consciousness?

A
  • unconscious; freud introduced this idea of inaccessible to awareness
  • preconscious; able to pull into consciousness
  • conscious; includes a range of states
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4
Q

When using a controlled process you need_________.

A

whole consciousness/ full awareness

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5
Q

When using an automatic process it requires __________.

A

little awareness/happens without thinking

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6
Q

What is another name for biological rhythms?

A

circadian rhythms

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7
Q

What are circadian rhythms?

A

biological rhythms that change with time and follow a 24hr cycle
example: the sleep wake cycle

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8
Q

What does BRAC stand for?

A

Basic
Rest
Activity
Cycle

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9
Q

What happens when there are no cues to circadian rhythms?

A

You still see a cycle however it goes a little longer

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10
Q

Internal clock keeps rhythm independantly it just ___________.

A

runs a little slow

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11
Q

What part of the body keeps track of time?

A 
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) found in the hypothalamus
(example of function, signals the pineal gland to release melatonin to regulate sleep)
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12
Q

What are some side effects of disruption in circadian rhythms?

A
  • disparity btw external clock and internal cues

- leads to sleep, physical, mood, personal problems

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13
Q

What are some common causes of disruptions in circadian rhythms?

A

jet leg or shift work

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14
Q

What treatment can you use to help with disruption in circadian rhythms?

A
  • Exposure to bright light
  • You can reset the internal clock
  • Affects melatonin levels
  • Treatment for SAD(seasonal affective disorder) is bright light
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15
Q

What are the 5 stages of sleep?

A

Stage 1 (light sleep)
Stage 2 (sound asleep but if woken don’t realize that they were asleep)
Stage 3&4 (data activity; slow waves;deep sleep)
Stage 5 REM Sleep aka paradoxical sleep
(rapid eye movement

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16
Q

What occurs during stage 1 of the sleep cycle?

A
  • theta waves
  • light sleep
  • breathing and heart rate slow as muscle tension and body temperature declines
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17
Q

What occurs in stage 2 of the sleep cycle?

A
  • periodically see sleep spindles (higher brain activity)

- breathing and heart rate slow as muscle tension and body temperature continues to decline

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18
Q

In what stage to hypnic jerks occur?

A

stage 1

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19
Q

What occurs during stages 3 and 4?

A
  • slow wave sleep which has high amplitude and low frequency DELTA waves
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20
Q

What is another name for REM sleep

A

stage 5 or paradoxical sleep

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21
Q

What are the differences between NREM and REM?

A 
REM
-There is rapid eye movement 
- vivid dreaming
- alternates between REM and NREM
NREM
- dreams may occur but aren't vivid
- no rapid eye movement
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22
Q

Why do we sleep?

A

They think

  • restorative function during sleep
  • brain activity
  • learning and memory
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23
Q

What are some sleep disorders?

A
  • insomnia
  • narcolepsy
  • REM sleep behaviour disorders
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24
Q

What are some REM sleep disorders?

A
  • act out dreams

- no loss of muscle tone

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25
Q

In what stage of sleep does sleep walking occur?

A

Stage 4

NOT acting out dreams

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26
Q

Does everyone dream?

A

yes

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27
Q

Do people know when they are dreaming?

A

most do not unless they are lucid dreamers

28
Q

Can people control their dreams?

A

sometimes

29
Q

What do we dream about?

A

our everyday life

30
Q

What is the theory of dreaming (Freud)?

A
  • dreams are a form of wish fulfilment
  • the days residue
  • manifest vs latent content
31
Q

What does manifest refer to?

A

the story line

32
Q

What does latent refer to?

A

what the story really means

33
Q

What is the problem solving theory of dreaming (Cartwright)?

A
  • way of dealing with life problems

- dreams are like a metaphor

34
Q

What is the synthesis activation theory (aka activation synthesis model)?

A
  • dreams are a by product of random neural activity so they do not mean anything
  • “activation” is the hindbrain firing at random
  • “synthesis” is when the cortex tries to impose memories
35
Q

List some facts about hypnosis?

A
  • variability in responsiveness
  • if you have a vivid imagination you are more easily hypnotized
  • how absorbed you get in things
  • you can’t be hypnotized if you don’t want to be
36
Q

What happens to you when you are hypnotized?

A

You become

  • open to suggestions
  • disinhibited
  • post-hypnotic suggestion or amnesia
37
Q

What are some clinical applications of hypnosis?

A
  • Pain management
  • Reduce the addictions of smoking and over eating
  • Psychological treatment of depression, etc
  • Recalling to aid in police search (mostly ineffective)
38
Q

What is classical conditioning (Pavlov)?

A
  • pavlov and drooling dogs
  • type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus
39
Q

What is operant conditioning (Skinner)?

A
  • Operant conditioning is a form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences (like when you train a cat)
  • reinforcement and punishment
40
Q

Define learning.

A
  • a relativel enduring change in behaviour as a result of experience
  • basic forms of learning happen automatically; learning association; results in changes of behaviour
41
Q

Define unconditioned stimulus.

A

you don’t have to learn it it is just a reflex

42
Q

Define conditioned stimulus.

A

associated with an unconditioned stimulus to cause the same response

43
Q

Define neutral stimulus.

A

not related to an unconditioned response

44
Q

Define conditioned response.

A

a learned response to previous neutral stimuli

45
Q

What is extinction of a classical condition?

A

Extinction is when the occurrences of a conditioned response decrease or disappear.

46
Q

What are ways to treat phobias?

A
  • systematic desensatization (slowly work your way up to the worst)
  • flooding (take you to the top of the hierarchy of fear first)
47
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

when you extinguish a fear and then you experience it again after a lot of time has passed since the last time you were exposed to your fear

48
Q

Often things that resemble the conditioned stimulus can cause a ______ _____?

A

conditioned response

49
Q

Who is the most famous psychologist?

A

B.F. Skinner

50
Q

What is operant conditioning

A

association between actions and their consequences

51
Q

The law of effect is that when actions have _____ outcomes you are more likely to _______ them.

A

satisfying outcomes

repeat them

52
Q

What is skinners box?

A

used consequences to train rats in boxes

53
Q

Define reinforcement.

A

reinforcement is when a behaviour lead to a good consequence

54
Q

Reinforcers ______ the behaviour.

A

strengthen

55
Q

Define positive reinforcement.

A

behaviour adds something

56
Q

Define negative feedback.

A

(also good outcomes that strengthen behaviour)

  • behaviour takes away or avoids something
  • eg. teenager has privilege taken away for skipping school
57
Q

Punishment or bad consequences will ______ behaviour.

A

weaken

58
Q

Define positive punishment.

A

adds something nasty

eg. responding by yelling

59
Q

Define negative feedback.

A

takes away something nice

60
Q

What are some problems with punishment?

A
  • only suppresses behaviour, doesn’t teach alternatives
  • generates negative emotion
  • physical punishment increases aggressive behaviour in children
61
Q

classical conditioning is also called…

A

pavlovian conditioning

62
Q

Operant conditioning was also called…

A

instrumental learning (term introduced by thorndike)

63
Q

Thorndike put cats in puzzle boxes and made it so they needed to elicit a _____ ______ to get food.

A

specific response

64
Q

Thorndikes work inspired who?

A

Skinner

65
Q

What is the law of effect?

A

the law of effect is, if a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the association between the stimulus and the response is strengthened

Psychology Chapters One And Two (4 decks)

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