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Psychology Chapters One And Two > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does visual sensation do?

A

transfers light into neural energy

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2
Q

What does visual perception do?

A

gives visual sensation meaning

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3
Q

What kind of process is sensation?

A

physical process of stimulation of sense organs

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4
Q

What kind of process is perception?

A

Psychological process of the brain selecting organizing and interpreting data

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5
Q

Our senses respond to what?

A

physical energy (eg. light, movement, sensory)

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6
Q

Physical energy must be converted to ______ in order to conduct mental experience.

A

neural energy

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7
Q

What is the absolute threshold?

A

the point at which things go unnoticed

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8
Q

What is subliminal stimuli?

A

stimuli that goes unnoticed (beyond the threshold of awareness)

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9
Q

What is the difference threshold?

A

The amount of change required for detecting difference

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10
Q

What is Weber’s law?

A

just noticeable difference (JND) depends on the SIZE of the INITIAL STIMULI; proportional increase is always the same

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11
Q

What is sensory adaptation?

A

When stimuli doesn’t change we stop detecting it

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12
Q

What do our eyes detect?

A

light=electromagnetic energy

  • wavelengths (how wide); perception of colour
  • amplitude (how high; perception of brightness
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13
Q

The wavelength gives us perception of______.

A

colour

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14
Q

The amplitude give us perception of _______.

A

brightness

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15
Q

What is the first place for light ti enter the eye?

A

the cornea

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16
Q

What is the cornea?

A

the protective window

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17
Q

What does the pupil do?

A

regulates the amount of light entering the eye

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18
Q

What does the lens do?

A

focuses the light on the retina via accommation

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19
Q

What does the retina do?

A

has sensory receptors

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20
Q

What are the 2 visual receptors?

A

Cones and rods

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21
Q

What are cones?

A

visual receptor that gives us ability to see colour and daylight vision

22
Q

What are rods?

A
  • visual receptors that are sensitive to light; give us ability to see things in the dark
  • vision is black/white; blurry
23
Q

How does the message get sent from eyes to brain?

A

light hits rods and cones and they signal the brain

24
Q

What is the optic chiasm?

A

the point where the optic nerve from the inside half of each eye cross over and then project to the opposite side of the brain;
ensures signals go from both eyes to both hemispheres;
the right half of each retina goes to the right half of the brain and the left half of each retina goes to the left half of the brain

25
Q

After the optic chiasm the optic nerve diverge along 2 pathways. What is the main path?

A

The main path projects into the HYPOTHALAMUS then in here axons from the retina synapse of the LGN (lateral geniculate nucleus) process visual signals, then distribute to areas of the occipital lobe that make up the PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX

26
Q

The primary visual cortex is stimulated most by…

A

vertical lines, but also any lines, things with edges and more complicated stimuli

27
Q

Who discovered the function of the visual cortex?

A

Hubel and Wiesel

28
Q

What are feature detectors?

A

Neurons that respond selectively to a very specific feature of more complex stimuli

29
Q

After the visual info is processed in the primary cortex it is often sent for additional processing in two more streams. What are these 2 streams?

A
  1. Ventral stream (determines the what)

2. Dorsals stream (determines the where)

30
Q

What does the ventral stream do?

A

responsible for object RECOGNITION

31
Q

What does the dorsal stream do?

A

responsible for detecting the object ORIENTATION and MOVEMENT

32
Q

What is top down processing?

A

a progression from whole to the element

eg. ppl perceive the word before its letters

33
Q

What is Gestalt psychology?

A

an influential school of thought that demonstrates ‘the whole can be greater then the sum of its parts’

34
Q

We group things for perception. What are 5 principles of perceptual organization?

A

proximity (group things that are close together)
closure (we automatically fin in lines)
similarity (group based on similarity)
simplicity (group elements that form a figure)
continuity (follow the direction you have been led)

35
Q

bottom up processing is….

A

just relying on current data

36
Q

Proximal stimuli

A

image in retina (close)

37
Q

Distal stimuli

A

object in environment

38
Q

What is the perception hypothesis?

A

an inference about which distal stimuli could be responsible for proximal stimuli sensed

39
Q

What are binocular clues?

A

clues from both eyes

40
Q

What are monocular clues?

A

clues from a single eye

41
Q

What is retinal disparity?

A

refers to the fact that objects project images slightly differently from right eye to left eye

42
Q

What is convergence?

A

sensing the eyes coming toward each other, when you are looking at an object that is getting closer to you

43
Q

What are 2 binocular cues?

A

retinal disparity

convergence

44
Q

What are some monocular clues?

A

motion parallax

pictorial depth cues

45
Q

What is a motion parallax?

A

images of objects at different distances moving across the retina at different rates

46
Q

What are pictorial depth cues?

A

clues about distance that can be given in a flat picture

47
Q

Name some pictorial depth cues?

A
  • linear perspective ( lines converge in the distance)
  • height in plane (distant objects appear higher in a picture)
  • relative size
  • light and shadow
  • interposition
  • texture gradient
48
Q

ponzo illusion

A

linear perspective cues

49
Q

muller-lyer Illusion

A

converging lines are like corners in a rm making lines of the same size look different

50
Q

perception is

A

subjective

Psychology Chapters One And Two (4 decks)

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