Chapter quizzes (part 1) Flashcards
1
Q
Dendrites are?
A
The input zone of a nerve cell
2
Q
Which pathway represents the most common sequence of information flow through a neuron?
A
Dendrite->cell body-> axon-> axon terminal
3
Q
Which statement about neurons is true?
A. unipolar neurons are especially common in the visual system
B. multipolar neurons can have many dendrites and many axons.
C. Some interneurons lack a nucleus.
D. All neurons have the same four functional zones.
A
D
4
Q
Axonal transport is?
A
bidirectional, moving materials from the neuronal cell body toward the axon terminals, and from axon terminals back to the cell body.
5
Q
Which glial cells interact with blood vessels?
A
Astrocytes
6
Q
The somatic nervous system includes the
A
cranial nerves and the spinal nerves
7
Q
The reason that sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems have different effects on the organs is because
A
They release different neurotransmitters
8
Q
Which of the following is not a consequence of parasympathetic activation?
A. Increased salivation
B. increased heart rate
C. dilation of blood vessels in the skin
D. Increased digestion
A
B. Increased heart rate
9
Q
The human brain is essentially folded into the skull; about two-thirds of the of it is hidden within the folds (sulci), thereby allowing
A
a larger surface area to fit into the cranial space
10
Q
Almost all incoming sensory information passes through the _______, which sends the information on to the overlying cortex.
A
thalamus
11
Q
The __________ is a major source of dopaminergic projections and plays a role in Parkinson’s disease
A
substantia nigra
12
Q
Which type of stain is used to reveal the entire neuron with all its processes?
A
Golgi
13
Q
MRI makes use of _______ waves and _______ fields to form images of the structure of the living brain.
A
radio; magnetic
14
Q
While _______ studies can tell us which behavioral and bodily variables may be linked, they cannot reveal _______.
A
correlational; causality
15
Q
The idea that we can understand complex systems by looking at their simpler constituent parts is known as
A
reductionism
16
Q
Axon terminals
A. are protrusions occuring along the length of dendrites
B. are specialized synapses occuring on muscles
C. form synapses onto other cells
B. are found within synaptic vesicles.
A
C. form synapses onto other cells.
17
Q
What would be the consequence for a patient with damage to the eighth cranial nerve?
A
impaired balance
18
Q
The central sulcus divides the _______ and _______ lobes.
A
frontal; parietal
19
Q
The brainstem consists of the
A
midbrain, pons, and medulla
20
Q
The structure known to be crucial for motor coordination and control and certain aspects of cognition is the __________
A
cerebellum
21
Q
Inside the neuron there is a high concentration of _______ ions, while outside the cell there is a high concentration of _______ ions.
A
potassium; sodium
22
Q
Transporter molecules are involved in the _______ of neurotransmitter at the synapse.
A
reuptake
23
Q
The resting membrane potential is maintained by electrostatic pressure and _______ acting on the cation _______.
A
diffusion; potassium
24
Q
In general, the action potential is initiated at the
A
Axon hillock
25
Hyperpolarizing stimuli
Decrease the likelihood the neuron will fire an action potential
26
Action potentials are all-or-none phenomena. This means that?
The amplitude of the action potential is independent of the size of the stimulus.
27
The peak of the action potential is caused by the _______ of _______ channels.
Opening; sodium
28
During the relative refractory phase, ___________________
The neuron is briefly hyperpolarized
29
Action potentials generally are not propagated along dendrites because dendrites usually have few ____________
Voltage-gated ion channels.
30
Myelin increases the speed of conduction because it ___________
Offers considerable resistance to the flow of ionic current.
31
_______ seizures are most often accompanied by an unusual sensation called an aura and may not necessarily involve the entire brain.
Complex partial
32
A neuron can be pushed to threshold if many EPSPs arrive at the axon hillock at the same time, but from different locations across the cell body. This process is referred to as ___________
Spatial summation
33
Ions are molecules that carry an electric charge due to the gain or loss of __________
Electrons
34
A key causal event in the release of neurotransmitter molecules from vesicles into the synaptic cleft is the __________
Influx of calcium ions in response to the arrival of an action potential at the terminal.
35
Whether a synapse is excitatory or inhibitory is determined by the ___________
Type of transmitter receptor in the postsynaptic neuron
36
A ligand is a ________
Substance that binds to receptor molecules.
37
Which statement about multiple sclerosis is false?
A. Currently there is no cure
B. It interferes with saltatory conduction.
C. It causes complex partial seizures
D. It damages myelin
C. It causes complex partial seizures
38
After release, neurotransmitters are deactivated in the synapse by
The process of enzymatic degradation
39
The “lock-and-key” analogy relates to the ____________
Action of transmitter molecules on receptor proteins
40
Desynchronized electrical activity is seen __________
In a normal active brain
41
Undifferentiated _______ cells, if gathered from embryonic tissue and transplanted into the brain, will differentiate and integrate properly.
stem
42
In human embryonic development, the crests of the neural groove come together to form the
neural tube
43
In neurogenesis, cells that give rise to neurons divide in via mitosis, which takes place within the _______ zone inside the neural tube.
ventricular
44
During a period of normal cell death, developing neurons are thought to compete for
neurotrophic factors
45
During development, the process in which one cell affects the differentiation of other neighboring cells is called
cell-cell interaction
46
In the human cerebral cortex, the pruning of dendrites and axon terminals occurs last in _______ cortex.
prefrontal
47
In the adult brain, neurogenesis is evident in the
hippocampus
48
The importance of loss of synapses during development is demonstrated in people with _______, a condition in which the normal elimination of synapses after birth does not occur, leading to intellectual disability.
fragile X syndrome
49
The visual problems associated with amblyopia illustrate the importance of
early experience on brain development
50
Hebbian synapses _____________
grow stronger or weaker depending on their effectiveness in driving their target cell
51
In the context of genetics, the term “expression” refers to
the way a cell makes an mRNA of a gene
52
In the context of genetics, the term “expression” refers to
protein
53
The physical characteristics that make up an individual and constantly change throughout out life are called the individual’s
phenotype
54
Which statement provides an example of epigenetics?
Mothering style affecting the developing brain
55
Methylation _______ gene expression through _______.
inhibits; DNA modification
56
Which feature does not normally change during the life span?
Genotype
57
It appears that Alzheimer’s disease is not simply the result of “wear-and-tear,” because
people who reach the age 85–90 without symptoms become increasingly less likely ever to develop them.
58
Neurofibrillary tangles are
abnormal whorls of neurofilaments
59
Which of the following can postpone the appearance of Alzheimer’s disease?
Adequate amounts of sleep
60
A challenge with treatment for Alzheimer’s that involves trying to inhibit the production of beta-amyloid is that
it is not known if beta-amyloid production is caused by Alzheimer’s or if it is a response to it.
61
The brain recognizes action potentials from different sensory modalities as separate and distinct because
action potentials from different sensory modalities are carried on different nerve tracts.
62
Which receptor types would be most useful for reading Braille?
Merkel's discs
63
The _______ of a sensory neuron is the stimulus region that causes the cell to alter its firing rate.
receptive field
64
The progressive loss of sensitivity of a sensory receptor as a consequence of sustained stimulation is known as
sensory adaptation
65
The representation of the human body in the somatosensory cortex especially emphasizes the
hands and lips
66
Plasticity of somatosensory cortical maps is evident following
Surgical transplant of a hand, limb amputation in adults, and musical training
67
Which of the following is an example of synethesia
Envisioning bright fireworks whenever you hear Mozart
68
Mice that lack substance P exhibit
insensitivity to intensely painful stimuli but normal responses to mildly painful stimuli.
69
What part of the CNS integrates pain information
Cingulate cortex
70
Phantom limb pain is an example of _______ pain.
Neuropathic
71
Cannabis reduces pain by
stimulating endogenous cannaboid receptors in the spinal cord and brain
72
Nervous system motor plans must balance a trade-off between
speed and accuracy
73
A motor unit
single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
74
Which receptor is likely to respond to an overload that threatens to tear muscles or ligaments?
Golgi tendon organ
75
Severing sensory fibers from a monkey’s arm will cause the monkey to stop using that arm, but it will begin to use it again if the other (good) arm is restrained. This demonstrates that
proprioceptive information can be supplemented with feedback from other senses
76
The supplementary motor area and the premotor cortex are areas of
nonprimary motor cortex
77
Mirror neurons are especially interesting to researchers because
- They might be part of a neural system for empathy
- They appear to trigger specific movements
- They fire when a monkey sees another monkey (or human) performing a simple movement previously performed by the monkey itself.
78
Some individuals born without a _______ still show normal motor skills.
cerebellum
79
Parkinson’s disease is linked to
Degeneration of dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra
80
When athletes work out to improve their stamina, one of the goals is to enhance their
slow-twitch muscle fibers
81
The _______ is (are) primarily responsible for refracting light to form an image on the retina.
cornea
82
The bending of light rays by the optical components of the eye is called
refraction
83
Cones in the retina form synapses with which of the following cell types?
Bipolar cells
84
In the scotopic system, the relationship between the number of visual receptor cells and the number of ganglion cells demonstrates a _______ of information.
convergence
85
A high density of _______ is responsible for the dark color of the fovea, and this density is what make visual _______ so high in this area.
cones; acuity
86
What is responsible for the lack of photoreceptors at the optic disc and consequent blind spot?
It is the location where blood vessels and ganglion cell axons leave the eye
87
The optic disc is the
area of the retina through which the axons of the ganglion cells exit
88
The phenomenon of adaptation refers to
the constantly changing sensitivity of photoreceptors to light in order to match illumination levels.
89
Which pathway accurately describes the route for the passage of visual information to the brain?
Optic nerve, optic tract, optic radiations
90
Which statement regarding visual fields is true?
The right visual field projects to the eyes and then to the left cerebral hemisphere.
91
Most axons of the retinal ganglion cells terminate in the
lateral geniculate nucleus
92
The receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells are
concentric
93
The edges of visual objects are enhanced through the process of
lateral inhibition
94
Damage to cortical area V5 results in an inability to perceive
motion
95
The _______ hypothesis proposed that there are separate receptors in the retina sensitive to blue, green, and red.
trichromatic
96
Cortical region _______ is especially rich in color-sensitive cells.
V4
97
The dorsal stream system of visual processing is said to specialize in processing information about
"where."
98
The ventral stream system of visual processing is said to specialize in processing information about
"what."
99
Recent research suggests myopia may be caused by
indoor lighting
100
The most common age-related cause of vision loss is
Macular degeneration
101
The tensor tympani and stapedius muscles are essential for
protecting the auditory system from intense sounds
102
The canals of the cochlea are filled with _______; thus, sound is carried in the form of _______.
fluid; waves
103
The swaying of stereocilia in response to sound waves results in an influx of _______ at the base of the hair cell, leading to neurotransmitter release.
ca2+
104
Which of the following does not describe a type of neural connection with hair cells?
OHC afferents, which convey messages from the hair cells to the brain, convey information to the brain about the perception of sounds coming specifically from the basilar membrane.
105
Inner hair cells release the neurotransmitter _______, and outer hair cells release the neurotransmitter _______.
glutamate; ACh
106
The _______ are the regions of the auditory pathway of the human brain in which information from both ears is first integrated.
superior olivary nuclei
107
Brain scans of an individual listening to words is likely to show activation of
- The primary auditory area
- Portions of the cerebellum
- Portions of the thalamus
108
Speech, in comparison to noise, activates
more extensive brain regions
109
Frequency discrimination in which the pitch of a sound is determined by the rate of firing of auditory neurons is called
temporal coding
110
Sound latency differences between the two ears allows an animal to
localize sounds
111
Experience, music, and language all shape the responses of the _______ cortex.
auditory
112
What is the main difference between hearing loss and deafness?
Hearing loss is defined as decreased sensitivity to sound, while deafness is hearing loss such that speech perception is not possible.
113
The initial site of damage in noise-induced deafness is usually
hair cells
114
Which event signals the brain that the head has moved?
The deflecting of the stereocilia in the ampulla
115
Which is not a type of taste papillae?
a. Foliate
b. Turbinate
c. Fungiform
d. Circumvallate
b. Turbinate
116
People perceive sweet
anywhere on the tongue where there are taste receptors
117
In contrast to other sensory systems, olfactory information is not relayed to the primary sensory cortex through the
thalamus
118
Which correctly shows the pathway that taste information follows in the gustatory pathway?
Tongue, brainstem nuclei, thalamus, somatosensory cortex
119
Olfactory neurons have the capacity to regenerate in adulthood, while brain neurons do not. Why is it thought olfactory neurons adapted this function?
As a response to the hazards of the olfactory environment
120
The vomeronasal system appears to specialize in detecting
pheromones
