Ch05

Question 1

Sensory transduction

Answer 1

the conversion of energy from a stimulus into a change in the membrane potential in a receptor cell

Question 2

Labeled lines

Answer 2

the brain recognizes the senses as distinct because their APs travel along separate nerve tracts

Question 3

Receptor potential

Answer 3

local change in membrane potential

Question 4

Sensory events are encoded as streams of?

Answer 4

action potentials

Question 5

The intensity of a stimulus can be represented by the?

Answer 5

number and thresholds of activated cells.

Question 6

The somatosensory system can determine?

Answer 6

whether body sensations arise from outside or within the body

Question 7

What is the pacinian corpuscle

Answer 7

skin receptor that responds to vibration and light pressure.

Question 8

Meissner’s corpuscles respond to?

Answer 8

low frequency vibrations and fine touch

Question 9

Merkel’s discs respond to?

Answer 9

edges and isolated points

Question 10

Ruffini corpuscles detect?

Answer 10

stretching of the skin when we move fingers or limbs

Question 11

Free nerve endings in the skin respond to?

Answer 11

pain, heat, and cold

Question 12

Receptive field

Answer 12

the area within which the presence of a stimulus will alter a sensory neuron’s firing rate

Question 13

Sensory adaptation

Answer 13

progressive decrease in a receptors response to a sustained stimulation

Question 14

phasic receptors

Answer 14

display adaptation

Question 15

tonic receptors

Answer 15

show little or no adaptation.

Question 16

The dorsal column system delivers

Answer 16

touch information

Question 17

Primary sensory cortex

Answer 17

one exists for each modality

Question 18

nonprimary sensory cortex

Answer 18

or secondary sensory cortex, receives direct projections from the primary sensory cortex area for that modality

Question 19

Association area in the brain process inputs from?

Answer 19

different sensory modalities

Question 20

Primary somatosensory cortex

Answer 20

located in the postcentral gyrus; receives touch information from the opposite side of the body. Arranged as a sensory homunculus

Question 21

Polymodal neurons process input from?

Answer 21

different sensory systems (mechanical, thermal, chemical, pain)

Question 22

synesthesia

Answer 22

condition in which a stimulus in one modality also creates a sensation in another

Question 23

Pain is

Answer 23

the discomfort associated with tissue damage

Question 24

Nociceptors are peripheral receptors on

Answer 24

free nerve ending that respond to painful stimuli

Question 25

TRPV1 receptors are on thin unmyelinated?

Answer 25

C fibers that conduct more slowly, producing lasting pain

Question 26

Pain neurons in the dorsal root ganglia send axons into the?

Answer 26

dorsal horns of the spinal cord.

Question 27

Anterior cingulate cortex deals with?

Answer 27

emotional pain, independent of the somatosensory cortex.

Question 28

Chronic pain

Answer 28

persists after healing has occurred. reduced pain threshold increases susceptibillity

Question 29

Erythromelalgia is?

Answer 29

erythros: redness melos: extremity algos: pain disorder characterized by burning extremity pain, erythema, and increased temperature of affected skin.

Question 30

Phantom pain

Answer 30

occurs in amputees (80-90) neurons from the other body areas invade the area that normally receives input from the missing limb. using a mirror (activation of mirror neurons) can help treat this.

Question 31

analgesia

Answer 31

the absence of or reduction of pain

Question 32

peripheral nerve block

Answer 32

inhibits impulse transmission distally in a nerve terminal, thus terminating the pain signal perceived by the cortex.

Question 33

Placebo effect

Answer 33

relief of a symptom even though the treatment is an inert substance endorphins are released during placebo administration

Question 34

transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)

Answer 34

relieves pain by stimulating the nerves around the source of the pain. Naloxone can block this analgesic effect.

Question 35

Psychogenic pain management

Answer 35

placebo, hypnosis, stress, cognitive

Question 36

pharmacological pain management

Answer 36

opiates, spinal block/lidocaine, anti inflammatory drugs, cannabinoids

Question 37

Stimulation pain management

Answer 37

tens/mechanical, acupuncture, deep brain stimulation central gray

Question 38

Relfex

Answer 38

simple, stereotypes, and unlearned response to a particular stimulus

Question 39

a motor plan or motor program is a

Answer 39

set of muscle commands that is established before the action occurs

Question 40

acts are

Answer 40

complex, sequential behaviors.

Question 41

Electromyography (EMG)

Answer 41

records the electrical activity of muscles

Question 42

Skeletal muscles

Answer 42

used for movement of the skeleton

Question 43

tendons connect mucles to

Answer 43

bone in a reciprocal fashion

Question 44

skeletal muscles are made of

Answer 44

striated muscle overlapping filaments of myosin and actin make them appear striped. Contraction increases the overlap of filaments.

Question 45

Motor neurons of the spinal cord and brain stem send

Answer 45

action potentials down their axons to innervate muscles

Question 46

what is released at the NMJ?

Answer 46

acetylcholine (Ach) is released

Question 47

Proprioception is the?

Answer 47

collection of information about body movements and position

Question 48

what are the two kinds of proprioceptors?

Answer 48

muscle spindle and golgi tendon organs

Question 49

Stretch reflex

Answer 49

in the spinal cord, incoming sensory information from muscle spindles stimulates a bundle of muscles and inhibits that bundle's antagonists

Question 50

What are the two regions of the nonprimary motor cortex?

Answer 50

supplementary motor area and premotor cortex

Question 51

supplementary motor area (SMA)

Answer 51

medial and important for initiation of movement sequences, especially preplanned.

Question 52

premotor cortex

Answer 52

anterior to M1 and activated when motor sequences are guided by external events.

Question 53

The extrapyramidal motor system is needed for

Answer 53

autonomic and learned motor processes

Question 54

extrapyramidal systems

Answer 54

regulate and fine tune motor commands

Question 55

the basal ganglia are a group of

Answer 55

interconnected forebrain nuclei that modulate movement

Question 56

The basal ganglia help control

Answer 56

the amplitude and direction of movement and are important in - initiation of movement - movements performed by memory rather than by sensory control.

Question 57

The cerebellum receives

Answer 57

inputs from sensory sources and other brain motor systems.

Question 58

Decomposition of movement describes

Answer 58

gestures that are broken into segments instead of being executed smoothly

Question 59

Parkinson's disease is a

Answer 59

movement disorder caused by progressive loss of dopaminergic cells in the SUBSTANTIA NIGRA

Question 60

What does parkinson's lead to?

Answer 60

slowed movement and difficulty initiating movement tremors in the hands and face rigid posture and reduced facial expression loss of balance and coordination

Question 61

Huntington's disease

Answer 61

degenerative disorder of the motor system involving cells loss in the striatum and cortex.

Question 62

Multiple sclerosis is a?

Answer 62

progressive chronic motor disorder with many varied symptoms, caused by demyelination and neuron loss in the CNS

Question 63

What does demyelination and neuron loss result in?

Answer 63

muscular weakness, tremor, impaired coordination, urinary incontinence, and visual problems.