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Certified Strength and Conditioning Specialist > Chapter One: Structure and Function of Body Systems > Flashcards

Chapter One: Structure and Function of Body Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Consists of the:

  • Skull
  • Vertebral Column
  • Ribs
  • Sternum
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2
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Consists of the:

  • Shoulder+Scapula
  • Bones of the upper extremities
  • Pelvic Girdle
  • Bones of the lower extremities
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3
Q

Joints: Fibrous

A
  • Allow little to no movement

Example: Sutures of the skull

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4
Q

Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

A
  • Allow limited movement

Example: Vertebral bodies and discs

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5
Q

Joints: Synovial Joints

A
  • Allow a wide range of movements depending on the joint
  • Most joints in the body
  • Bone ends have smooth hyaline cartilage and joint is enclosed in a capsule with synovial fluid.
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6
Q

Joints: Uniaxial

A
  • One plane of movement

Example: Elbow

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7
Q

Joints: Biaxial

A
  • Two planes of movement

Example: Ankle

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8
Q

Joints: Multiaxial

A
  • Multiple planes of movement

Example: Shoulder

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9
Q

Vertebral Column

A
  • Cervical: 7
  • Thoracic: 12
  • Lumbar: 5
  • Sacrum: 5 fused
  • Coccyx: Fused at end of pelvis
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10
Q

Muscle Fiber Macrostructure: Epimysium

A
  • Covers an entire skeletal muscle

- Contiguous with the tendon

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11
Q

Muscle Fiber Macrostructure: Periosteum

A
  • Specialized connective tissue covering bones that tendons attach to
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12
Q

Muscle Fiber Macrostructure: Muscle Fibers

A
  • Cells of the skeletal muscle

- Have several nuclei situated along the length of the muscle fiber

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13
Q

Muscle Fiber Macrostructure: Fasiculi

A
  • Groupings of up to 150 muscle fibers

- Beneath the epimysium

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14
Q

Muscle Fiber Macrostructure: Perimysium

A
  • Specialized connective tissue that surrounds a fasciculi.
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15
Q

Muscle Fiber Macrostructure: Endomysium

A
  • Specialized connective tissue that surrounds a muscle fiber
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16
Q

Muscle Fiber Macrostructure: Sarcolemma

A
  • Muscle fiber membrane

- Contiguous with the endomysium

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17
Q

Neuromuscular: Junction or Motor End Plate

A
  • Junction between the motor neuron and muscle it innervates
  • Each muscle fiber has only one neuromuscular junction/motor end plate but one motor neuron can innervate several muscle fibers.
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18
Q

Neuromuscular: Motor Unit

A
  • A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

- All the muscles fibers of a motor unit contract together when they are stimulated by the motor neuron

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19
Q

Muscle Fiber Microstructure: Sarcoplasm

A
  • Cytoplasm of the cell

- Contains most cellular organelles for the muscle fibers

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20
Q

Muscle Fiber Microstructure: Myofibrils

A
  • Several within the sarcoplasm

- Contain the contractile unit of muscle

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21
Q

Muscle Fiber Microstructure: Myofilaments: Mysoin

A
  • Consist of a Globular head, hinge point and a fibrous tail.
  • Globular head protrude away from the myosin filament at regular intervals.
  • A pair of myosin filaments forms a cross bridge
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22
Q

Muscle Fiber Microstructure: Myofilaments: Actin

A
  • Two strands arranged in double helix
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23
Q

Muscle Fiber Microstructure: Sarcomere

A
  • Smallest contractile unit of a muscle

- Actin and myosin filaments organized longitudinally

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24
Q

Muscle Fiber Microstructure: M Bridge

A
  • Site of anchoring for adjacent myosin filaments
  • Center of a sarcomere
  • Center of the H zone
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25
Q

Muscle Fiber Microstructure: Z-line

A
  • Sight of anchoring of actin filaments
  • In the middle of the I-band
  • Longitudinal band through the I-Band
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26
Q

Muscle Fiber Microstructure: A-band

A
  • Alignment of myosin filaments
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27
Q

Muscle Fiber Microstructure: I-Band

A
  • Area of two adjacent sarcomeres that contain only actin

- Decreases in size during contraction

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28
Q

Muscle Fiber Microstructure: H-Zone

A
  • Area in the center of a sarcomere where only the myosin filaments are present
  • Decreases in size during contraction
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29
Q

Muscle Fiber Microstructure: Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • Intricate system of tubules parallel to and surrounding each myofibril
  • Terminates as vesiciles in the vicinity of the Z-lines
  • Calcium ions stored in the vesicles
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30
Q

Muscle Fiber Microstructure: T-tubules

A
  • Perpendicular to the sarcoplasmic reticulum and terminate in the vicinity of the Z-line between two vesicles.
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31
Q

Action Potential

A
  • Discharge of a nerve impulse that causes muscular contraction
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32
Q

Sliding Filament Theory

A
  • The action of myosin cross bridges pulling on the actin filaments and causing them to slide inward pulling the Z-lines toward the center of the sarcomere and shortening the muscle fiber and causing shrinking of the H-zone and I-band
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33
Q

Sliding Filament Theory: Resting Phase

A
  • Little calcium present in the myofibril
  • Most of the calcium is stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • Very few myosin cross bridges are bound to actin
34
Q

Sliding Filament Theory: Excitation Phase

A
  • Sarcoplasmic reticulum is stimulated to release calcium which binds to troponin.
  • Binding of calcium to troponin causes shift in tropomyosin which is along the length of the actin filament in the groove of the double helix
  • Myosin cross bridge attaches more rapidly to actin
35
Q

Sliding Filament Theory: Troponin and Tropomyosin

A
  • Proteins situated along actin molecules that allow for myosin cross bridge attachment to actin contributing to muscular contraction
36
Q

Sliding Filament Theory: Force production

A
  • The amount of force produced by a muscle at any instant is directly related to the number of myosin cross bridges bound to actin filaments cross sectionally at that instant
37
Q

Sliding Filament Theory: Contraction Phase

A
  • Contraction driven by hydrolysis of an ATP to ADP and phosphate catalyzed by Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase).
38
Q

Sliding Filament Theory: Recharge Phase

A
  • Phase when ATP is uncoupling the myosin cross bridge from actin to allow for another re-coupling
  • Several repeated cycles must be repeated to cause muscular contraction
39
Q

Sliding Filament Theory: Relaxation Phase

A
  • Stimulation of a motor nerve stops
  • Calcium pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • Actin and myosin are back to their unbound state
40
Q

Neuromuscular: Acetylcholine

A
  • Neurotransmitter released which diffuses across the neuromuscular junction causing excitation of the sarcolemma
  • Once a sufficient amount is released an action potential is generated and the muscle fiber contracts
41
Q

Neuromuscular: All or None principle

A
  • A motor unit is not capable of selectively contracting one muscle fiber it innervates. If it generates an action potential all the fibers it innervates must contract simultaneously.
42
Q

Neuromuscular: Twitch

A
  • One contraction of a muscle fiber
43
Q

Neuromuscular: Tetanus

A
  • Summation of several rapid twitches of a muscle fiber that fuse
  • The maximal amount of force a muscle can produce.
44
Q

Muscle Fiber Types: Type I

A
  • Slow twitch
  • Efficient and fatigue resistant
  • High capacity for aerobic energy
  • High oxidative capacity
  • Limited potential for rapid force development
45
Q

Muscle Fiber Types: Type IIa and Type IIx

A
  • Fast twitch
  • Inefficient and fatiguable
  • Low capacity for aerobic energy
  • Low oxidative capacity
  • High anaerobic power
  • Rapid force development
  • Type IIa have greater capacity for aerobic metabolism than type IIx
46
Q

Motor Unit Recruitment Patterns

A
  • Motor units that innervate type I, type IIa and type IIx are activated in accordance with the activity.
  • Type I muscles and motor units for longer duration low power events
  • Type IIa and type IIx for shorter duration and explosive movements
47
Q

Proprioception: Proprioceptors

A
  • Specialized sensory receptors located within joints, muscles, and tendons
  • Relay information concerning muscle dynamics to the central nervous system
  • Maintain muscle tone and perform complex coordinated movements.
48
Q

Proprioception: Muscle Spindles

A
  • Proprioceptive organs that consist of several modified muscle fibers enclosed in a sheath of connective tissue
  • Considered intrafusal fibers or fibers that run parallel to the normal muscle fibers or extrafusal fibers.
  • Provide information related to muscle length and rate of change of length
49
Q

Proprioception: Muscle Spindles: Activation/process

A
  • Muscle stretch activates the sensory neurons of the muscle spindles.
  • This sends an impulse to the central nervous system at the spinal cord.
  • This results in the activation of the motor neurons that innervate the same muscle.
50
Q

Proprioception: Muscle Spindles: Load increases and fine motor control

A
  • As load increases the muscle is stretched to a greater extent causing increased activation of the muscle spindle causing increased activation of the muscle
  • Muscles that perform fine movements have increased muscle spindles per unit of mass to help ensure exact control of contractile activity.
51
Q

Proprioception: Golgi Tendon Organ

A
  • Proprioceptive organs located in tendons near the myotendinous junction in a series (attached end to end) with extrafusal muscle fibers
  • Activated when the tendon the Golgi tendon organs are attached to is stretched
  • As muscle tension increases Golgi tendon organ discharge increases
52
Q

Proprioception: Golgi Tendon Organ: Activation/procress

A
  • GTO synapses with an inhibitory interneuron in the central nervous system at the spinal cord which in turn synapses with and inhibits a motor neuron for the same muscle.
  • Results in a reduction of tension within the muscle and tendon
  • Protects against excessive tension development
53
Q

Blue Box: Methods for Athletes to improve force production

A
  • Incorporate phases with heavy loads for improved neural recruitment
  • Increase cross sectional area of muscles involved in the desired activity
  • Perform multi-muscle, multi-joint exercises that can be done with more explosive actions to optimize fast twitch muscle recruitment.
54
Q

Cardiovascular System: Heart

A
  • Four chambers
  • Two atria and two ventricles
  • Right atria provides blood to right ventricle. Left atria provides blood to left ventricle
  • Right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs
  • Left ventricle pumps blood systemically
55
Q

Cardiovascular System: Valves

A
  • Tricuspid valve and mitral valve (bicuspid) collectively called the atrioventricular valves and prevent the back flow of blood from the ventricles into the atria during ventricular contraction (systole)
  • Aortic and pulmonary valves collectively called the semilunar valves prevent back flow of blood from the aorta and pulmonary valve into the ventricles during ventricular relaxation (diastole)
  • Each valve opens and closes passively with backward pressure gradient pushes blood back against it.
56
Q

Cardiovascular System: Conduction System: Sinoatrial Node

A
  • SA Node: Where rhythmic electrical impulses are normally initiated
  • Activate atria first
57
Q

Cardiovascular System: Conduction System: Atrioventricular Node

A
  • AV Node: Where the impulse is delayed slightly before passing into the ventricles
58
Q

Cardiovascular System: Conduction System: Atrioventricular Bundle

A
  • Conducts the impulse to the ventricles
59
Q

Cardiovascular System: Conduction System: Bundle Branches

A
  • Conduct impulses to all parts of the ventricles via the Purkinje fibers
60
Q

Cardiovascular System: Conduction System: Heart Rate

A
  • Normal: 60-100
  • Bradycardia: Below 60 bpm
  • Tachycardia: Over 100 bpm
61
Q

Cardiovascular System: Electrocardiogram Waves

A
  • P wave
  • QRS complex
  • T wave
62
Q

Cardiovascular System: Electrocardiogram Waves: P wave and QRS complex

A
  • Recordings of electrical depolarization that causes mechanical contraction
63
Q

Cardiovascular System: Electrocardiogram Waves: Depolarization

A
  • The process where by the membrane electrical potential is reversed causing the normally negative potential inside the membrane becomes slightly positive and the outside becomes slightly negative
64
Q

Cardiovascular System: Electrocardiogram Waves: P Wave is

A
  • Atrial depolarization and contraction
65
Q

Cardiovascular System: Electrocardiogram Waves: QRS complex is

A
  • Ventricular depolarization and contraction
66
Q

Cardiovascular System: Electrocardiogram Waves: T wave is

A
  • Ventricular repolarization and relaxation
67
Q

Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels: Arterial vs Venous

A
  • Artierial: Carry blood away from the heart to the body

- Venous: Carry blood from the body to the heart

68
Q

Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels: Arteries

A
  • Transport blood to the body
  • Strong muscular walls to manage high pressures of blood pumped from the heart
  • Transport blood to arterioles
69
Q

Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels: Arterioles

A
  • Act as control vessels regulating blood flow to capillaries
  • Strong muscular walls to manage high pressures of blood pumped from the heart
  • Capable of closing completely or dilating to many times their size
  • Primary blood flow regulator in response to demand
  • Transport blood to capillaries
70
Q

Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels: Capillaries

A
  • Regulate the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones and other substances between the interstitial fluid and blood
  • Relatively thin permeable walls
71
Q

Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels: Venules

A
  • Venous version of arterioles
  • Collect blood at the other end of capillaries
  • Converge into veins
72
Q

Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels: Veins

A
  • Transport blood back to the heart
  • Venous walls are thin due to low pressure
  • Antigravity veins have valves to regulate back flow of blood as it is transported back to the heart
73
Q

Cardiovascular System: Blood

A
  • Carries oxygen to tissues

- Carries carbon-dioxide to be removed from the body

74
Q

Cardiovascular System: Blood: Hemoglobin

A
  • Iron protein molecule carried by red blood cells
  • Transports oxygen
  • Acts as an acid base buffer by regulating hydrogen ion concentration
75
Q

Respiratory System: Trachea

A
  • Largest passage for inspired oxygen

- First portion of respiratory passage

76
Q

Respiratory System: Bronchi

A
  • Right and Left portion to right and left lungs
77
Q

Respiratory System: Bronchioles

A
  • All divisions after the right and left bronchi

- Transport air to the alveoli

78
Q

Respiratory System: Exchange of air

A
  • Lung oxygen exchange is driven via two mechanisms diaphragmatic movement and chest wall expansion via rib movement
  • Resting inspiration and expiration is driven almost exclusively via the diaphragm
  • Chest wall expansion via rib movement upward is driven via muscles of inspiration
  • Chest wall decompression via rib movement downward is driven by muscles of expiration
79
Q

Respiratory System: Pleural pressure

A
  • Pressure of the space between the parietal pleura and and visceral pleura
  • Slightly negative
  • helps to drive inspiration
80
Q

Respiratory System: Alveolar pressure

A
  • Pressure inside the alveoli when the glottis is open and no air is flowing into or out of the lungs
  • Pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure
  • To cause inward flow of air the pressure in the alveoli must fall below atmospheric pressure
  • To cause outward flow of air the pressure in the alveoli must increase above atmospheric pressure
81
Q

Respiratory System: Exchange of Respiratory Gasses: Diffusion

A
  • Oxygen diffuses from alveoli into pulmonary blood
  • Carbon dioxide diffuses from pulmonary blood into alveoli
  • Other molecules diffuse via kinetic motion of the molecules themselves
  • Diffusion of gases is driven from high concentration to low concentration and is dependent on the partial pressure of each gas
82
Q

Respiratory System: Exchange of Respiratory Gasses: Partial pressure of gasses

A
  • Partial pressure of Oxygen in the alveoli at rest is 60mmHg greater than that in pulmonary capillaries causing oxygen to diffuse from alveoli into the pulmonary capillaries

Certified Strength and Conditioning Specialist (7 decks)

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