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Genetics > Chapter One: Overview of Genetics > Flashcards

Chapter One: Overview of Genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a proteome?

A

An entire collection of proteins a cell makes at a given time.

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2
Q

The proteome determines the ___ and ___ of the cell.

A

Structure; function

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3
Q

Gene expression at a molecular level involves ___ and ___.

A

transcription; translation

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4
Q

Transcription at the molecular level looks like?

A

producing mRNA

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5
Q

translation at the molecular level of gene expression looks like?

A

production of a polypeptide

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6
Q

Genetic variation is variation in ___

A

traits

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7
Q

Gametes are ___ while somatic cells are __

A

haploid; diploid

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8
Q

What are the three branches of genetics?

A

molecular
population
transmission

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9
Q

What is genetics the study of?

A

heredity in all its manifestations

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10
Q

What did Hippocrates state in genetics?

A

semen is the main genetic carrier - “bald-headed begets bald-headed”

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11
Q

Democritus argued for ___ v. ___ in the early ages.

A

nature; nurture

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12
Q

Plato believed?

A

It takes two to tango, both male and female contribute

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13
Q

Who developed the first, comprehensive theory of inheritance?

A

Aristotle

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14
Q

What did Artistotle’s Theory of Inheritance state?

A

Semen provides a form, menstrual blood contains matter; form controls and shapes matter

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15
Q

William Harvey is known for?

A

Theory of Epigenesis

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16
Q

What is the Theory of Epigenesis?

A

all parts of embryo are present potentially in egg
organism evolves by build up of these parts

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17
Q

Antoine van Leeuwenhoek believed sperm provides __ while the egg ___

A

essential life-giving properties; furnishes the environment for nutrition and development

18
Q

What is the Theory of Preformationism?

A

organism is in on of the sex cells as a homunculus

19
Q

The Theory of Preformationism separated what two groups?

A

Spermists - homonculus found in sperm

Ovists - homonculus found in egg

20
Q

Who discredited the theory of preformationism?

A

Caspar Wolff

21
Q

Who proposed the first theory of evolution?

A

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

22
Q

What are the two major laws of the Theory of the Inheritance of
Acquired Characteristics?

A

Change in the environment
change in needs, excess (dis)use, incr/decr in size of organ or structure

All changes of such nature are inherited

23
Q

What was the first theory of evolution?

A

Theory of the Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics

24
Q

Darwin proposed the __ _ __ __ _ __ __

A

Theory of Organic Evolution by Natural Selection

25
Q

Summarize the Theory of Organic Evolution by Natural Selection

A

Variation is CHARACTERISTIC of animals and plants
Variation can be INHERITED
Every organism OVERPRODUCES offspring
Struggle for SURVIVAL ensues
Most FAVORABLE conditions are more likely top survive and leave offspring
Passion of favorable variations leads to EVOLUTION

In short - need for natural selection, you get it

26
Q

Darwin aslo proposed the __ __ __ __

A

Provisional Hypothesis of Pangenesis

27
Q

Describe Darwin’s Pangenesis

A

produce gemmules - exact but minute copies of each body part

Artwork

28
Q

Who disproved Darwin’s Pangenesis?

A

August Weismann

29
Q

August Weismann proposed the ___ __ __ __ which…

A

Germplasm Theory of Heredity

Two types of tissue
Somatoplasm - body
Germplasm - hereditary

30
Q

The germplasm is associated with the __

A

nucleus

31
Q

Who were the two most important plant hybridists before Mendel?

A

Joesph Kolreuter

Karl Gaertner

32
Q

Mendel proposed what theory?

A

The Particulate Theory of Inheritance

33
Q

Who rediscovered Mendel’s work?

A

Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, and Erich von Tschermak

34
Q

Who was the first man to coin the term genetics?

A

William Bateson

35
Q

William Bateson is known for?

A

experimentally demonstrating the extension of Mendel’s Laws to animals

36
Q

Who coined the term Eugenics?

A

Francis Galton

37
Q

Define eugenics?

A

improvement of a population by selecting its best specimen for breeding

38
Q

Galton advocated for __ eugenics and __ eugenics which encouraged?

A

positive; negative

encouraged reproduction of those with beneficial trains and discouraged undesirable trains

39
Q

What are three ways the Eugenics movement had a strong impact on public policy?

A

Compulsory sterilization of ‘eugenically-unfit’ individuals

Laws invalidating marriages between ‘eugenically-unfit’ individuals

Immigration Restriction Act

40
Q

What are three implications of modern eugenics?

A

prenatal diagnosis
artificial insemination
cloning

41
Q

When is the product rule used?

A

for problems in which outcomes are independent of each other

Genetics (9 decks)

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