Chapter One: Overview of Genetics Flashcards
What is a proteome?
An entire collection of proteins a cell makes at a given time.
The proteome determines the ___ and ___ of the cell.
Structure; function
Gene expression at a molecular level involves ___ and ___.
transcription; translation
Transcription at the molecular level looks like?
producing mRNA
translation at the molecular level of gene expression looks like?
production of a polypeptide
Genetic variation is variation in ___
traits
Gametes are ___ while somatic cells are __
haploid; diploid
What are the three branches of genetics?
molecular
population
transmission
What is genetics the study of?
heredity in all its manifestations
What did Hippocrates state in genetics?
semen is the main genetic carrier - “bald-headed begets bald-headed”
Democritus argued for ___ v. ___ in the early ages.
nature; nurture
Plato believed?
It takes two to tango, both male and female contribute
Who developed the first, comprehensive theory of inheritance?
Aristotle
What did Artistotle’s Theory of Inheritance state?
Semen provides a form, menstrual blood contains matter; form controls and shapes matter
William Harvey is known for?
Theory of Epigenesis
What is the Theory of Epigenesis?
all parts of embryo are present potentially in egg
organism evolves by build up of these parts
Antoine van Leeuwenhoek believed sperm provides __ while the egg ___
essential life-giving properties; furnishes the environment for nutrition and development
What is the Theory of Preformationism?
organism is in on of the sex cells as a homunculus
The Theory of Preformationism separated what two groups?
Spermists - homonculus found in sperm
Ovists - homonculus found in egg
Who discredited the theory of preformationism?
Caspar Wolff
Who proposed the first theory of evolution?
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
What are the two major laws of the Theory of the Inheritance of
Acquired Characteristics?
Change in the environment
change in needs, excess (dis)use, incr/decr in size of organ or structure
All changes of such nature are inherited
What was the first theory of evolution?
Theory of the Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
Darwin proposed the __ _ __ __ _ __ __
Theory of Organic Evolution by Natural Selection
Summarize the Theory of Organic Evolution by Natural Selection
Variation is CHARACTERISTIC of animals and plants
Variation can be INHERITED
Every organism OVERPRODUCES offspring
Struggle for SURVIVAL ensues
Most FAVORABLE conditions are more likely top survive and leave offspring
Passion of favorable variations leads to EVOLUTION
In short - need for natural selection, you get it
Darwin aslo proposed the __ __ __ __
Provisional Hypothesis of Pangenesis
Describe Darwin’s Pangenesis
produce gemmules - exact but minute copies of each body part
Artwork
Who disproved Darwin’s Pangenesis?
August Weismann
August Weismann proposed the ___ __ __ __ which…
Germplasm Theory of Heredity
Two types of tissue
Somatoplasm - body
Germplasm - hereditary
The germplasm is associated with the __
nucleus
Who were the two most important plant hybridists before Mendel?
Joesph Kolreuter
Karl Gaertner
Mendel proposed what theory?
The Particulate Theory of Inheritance
Who rediscovered Mendel’s work?
Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, and Erich von Tschermak
Who was the first man to coin the term genetics?
William Bateson
William Bateson is known for?
experimentally demonstrating the extension of Mendel’s Laws to animals
Who coined the term Eugenics?
Francis Galton
Define eugenics?
improvement of a population by selecting its best specimen for breeding
Galton advocated for __ eugenics and __ eugenics which encouraged?
positive; negative
encouraged reproduction of those with beneficial trains and discouraged undesirable trains
What are three ways the Eugenics movement had a strong impact on public policy?
Compulsory sterilization of ‘eugenically-unfit’ individuals
Laws invalidating marriages between ‘eugenically-unfit’ individuals
Immigration Restriction Act
What are three implications of modern eugenics?
prenatal diagnosis
artificial insemination
cloning
When is the product rule used?
for problems in which outcomes are independent of each other
