CHAPTER ONE Definitions Flashcards
What is a noun?
A word that refers to a person, place, thing, idea
- can be subj of a sentence
- common/proper
- concrete (perceivable by physical senses) /abstract (not perceivable by senses - intangible)
Concrete vs. Abstract Nouns
Concrete Nouns - names a person, place, thing, or idea that can be perceived by one or more of the senses
Abstract Nouns - names an idea, feeling, quality or characteristic that is not perceived by senses - intangible
What are collective nouns?
A singular noun that names a group
ex. audience, batch, bouquet, bunch, flock
What is a compound noun?
- two or more words that together names a person, place, thing, or idea
- can be written as one word, separate word, hyphenated word
Examples
One word → sidewalk, tablecloth, Greenland
Separate words → attorney general, telephone pole, Empire State Building
Hyphenated word → daughter - in - law, jack - o’ - lantern, great - grandfather
Common vs. Proper Nouns
Common noun - names any one group of persons, places, things, or ideas (NOT CAPITALIZED (unless it is the first word in sentence))
Proper nouns - names a particular person, place, thing or idea (CAPITALIZED)
What is a pronoun?
What is the word replaced by the pronoun called?
word used in place of one or more nouns or pronoun
The word replaced by the pronoun is called the antecedent
What are Personal Pronouns?
- refers to the person speaking (first person)
- the one spoken to (second person)
- the one spoken about (third person)
Examples
First - I, me, my, mine, we, us, our, ours
Second - you, your, yours
Third - he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its, they, them, their, theirs
Reflexive vs. Intensive Pronouns
Reflexive - refers to the subject of a sentence and functions as a complement or as an object of a preposition
Intensive - emphasizes its antecedent (the word (PRO/N) that the pronoun replaces)
Examples
First Person - myself, ourselves
Second Person - yourself, yourselves
Third Person - himself, herself, itself, themselves
What are Demonstrative Pronouns?
List all
What can all demonstrative pronouns be?
- points out a specific person, place, thing, or idea
All Pronouns: this, that, these, those
Demonstrative pronouns may also function as demonstrative adjectives
PRO: Her best painting is this
ADJ: Her best painting is this (which one?) one
What are interrogative pronouns?
List all
- pronoun that introduces the question
All PRO: what, which, who, whom, whose
What are relative pronouns?
List all
- pronoun that introduces an adjective clause
All PRO: that, which, who, whom, whose
What are indefinite pronouns?
- a pronoun that refers to a person, place, a thing, or an idea that may or may not be specifically named
What is an adjective?
An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun. Modifying provides more information about the noun or pronoun.
Adjectives answer these questions;
What kind? Which one? How many? How much?
Typically precede the WTM
What are articles?
What are they?
The most common ADJ’s are articles = a, an, the
a, an = indefinite articles
the = definite article
What is a Proper Adjective?
- ADJ that is formed from a proper noun
Proper Nouns Proper ADJ
New Mexico New Mexican food
Islam Islamic teachings
What is a Verb?
Action vs Linking Verb?
Word that;
- expresses action
- expresses a state of being
Action Verb - physical or mental activity
Linking Verb - equates a N/PRO to N/PRO/ADJ
- N/PRO → N/PRO/ADJ (→ = form of to be)
- “To Be” Test
List some forms of “To be”?
Where is this helpful?
This can help us determine if a verb is a linking verb.
What is a verbal phrase? What does is consist of?
What is a main verb?
What is a helping verb?
A verbal phrase has at least one main verb and one or more helping verbs
Main verb is the main action of the sentence
Helping verbs provide more info to the main verb
What is a modal?
A modal is a helping verb that s joined with a main verb usually expressing necessity or possibility
Ex. Must have, may need
What is a transitive verb? What is the test?
What is an intransitive verb?
Transitive Verb
- has an OB (tells who/what recieves the action)
- will always be action
TEST: N/PRO + V + What
if = N/PRO then it is a transitive verb
if does not equal N/PRO then it is not a transitive verb
Intransitive (Linking) Verb
- does not have an OB (tells who/what recieves the action)
What is an adverb?
An adverb modifies a verb, adjective or another adverb.
It tells
how?
when?
or to what extent/how much or how long?
Sentences can begin with adverbs; WHERE are you going (where modifies the verb going)
What are the prepositions beginning with a?
About
Above
Across
After
Against
Along
Among
Around
As
At
What are the prepositions beginning with b?
Before
Behind
Below
Beneath
Beside
Between
Behind
But (meaning expect)
By
What are the prepositions beginning with d, e, f?
Down
During
Except
For
From
What are prepositions Starting with i, l, n, o, p, s
In
Inside
Into
Like
Near
Of
Off
On
Out
Outside
Over
Past
Since
What are prepositions starting with t, u, w?
Through
Throughout
To
Toward
Under
Underneath
Until
Unto
Up
Upon
With
Within
Without
What is the definition of a preposition?
Preposition vs Adverb?
A preposition shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun, called the object of the preposition, to another word.
Prepositions take an object
Adverbs do not take an object and only modify
What is the definition of a coordinating conjunction?
List them
What is the definition of a correlative conjunction?
List them
Coordinating Conjunction: joins word or word groups that are used in the same way
LIST; F (for) A (and) N (nor) B (but) O (or) Y (Yet) S (so)
Correlative Conjunctions: pair of conjunctions that joins words or word groups used in the same way
LIST: both…and either…or neither….nor
not only…..but (also) wether….or
What is the definition of an interjection?
An interjection expresses emotion and has no grammatical relation to the rest of the sentence
Ex: ah, hey, oops, aha, oh, uh-oh, ouch, well, whew, wow
