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chapter one Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychological science

A

the study through research of mind, brain, and behavior

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2
Q

Mind refers to

A

mental activity ,Memories ,Thoughts
Feelings ,Perceptual insights (smell, touch, taste, feel, sound)

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3
Q

Behavior describes the totality of (—)human (or animal) actions

A

observable

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4
Q

Amiable skepticism

A

Weighing facts when deciding what to believe

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5
Q

Human brain is highly efficient at finding (-) and noticing (-)between things

A

patterns, connections

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6
Q

Ignoring evidence (confirmation bias)

A

people are inclined to over weigh evidence that supports their beliefs and tend to downplay evidence that does not match what they believe

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7
Q

Seeing causal relationships that do not exist:

A

the misinterpretation that two events that happen at the same time must somehow be related

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8
Q

Accepting after the fact explanations (hindsight bias):

A

interpret and reinterpret old evidence to make sense of that outcome. Gives false sense of certainty about our ability to make predictions of future behavior

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9
Q

Taking mental shortcuts (heuristics):

A

produce reasonably good decisions without too much effort
Can lead to inaccurate judgement

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10
Q

availability heuristic

A

things that come most easily to mind guide our thinking

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11
Q

Hypothesis Generation:

A

considering the possibilities/explanations of the why of the experiment

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12
Q

Mind/Body Problem:

A

a fundamental psychological issue: are mind and body separate and distinct or is the mind simply the brain’s subjective experience?

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12
Q

Dualism

A

idea that the mind and body are separate yet intertwined

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13
Q

Nature vs Nurture

A

Is an individual’s psychological characteristics biologically innate or are learned and acquired

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14
Q

Johnathan Stuart Mill

A

Psychology should leave the realm of speculation and philosophy and become a science
Defined psychology as the science of the elementary laws of the mind

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15
Q

Stream of consciousness (William James)

A

describe each person’s continuous series of ever-changing thoughts

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16
Q

Functionalism

A

an approach to psychology concerned with the adaptive purpose or function of mind and behavior
Mind came into existence over the course of human evolution
Helps humans adapt to environmental demands

17
Q

Natural selection

A

those who adapt to their environment are at an advantage over those who do not adapt

18
Q

Clinical psychology

A

area of psychology that seeks to understand, characterize, and treat mental illnesses

19
Q

Cognitive psychology

A

understand the basic skills and processes that are the foundation of mental life and behavior
ex: Laboratory research
Topics such as memory, attention, sensation and perception

20
Q

Cultural psychology:

A

how cultural factors such as geographical regions, national beliefs, and religious values can have profound effects on mental life and behavior

21
Q

Developmental psychology:

A

studies how humans grow and develop from the prenatal period through infancy and early childhood through adolescence and early adulthood and into old age

22
Q

Health psychology:

A

how psychological processes influence physical health and vice versa

23
Q

Industrial/Organizational psychology

A

how psychological processes plays out in the workplace

24
Q

Close relationship psychologists:

A

research our intimate relationships, properties that make them succeed or fail and the two-way effects between intimate relationships and other aspects of our lives

25
Q

Social personality psychology:

A

study of everyday thoughts, feelings, and behaviors and the factors that give rise to them
Focuses on the situational and dispositional causes of behavior and interactions between them

26
Q

Developments in neuroscience

A

Brain imaging
Localization of functions: the brain is specialized for different functions

27
Q

Progress in genetics and epigenetics

A

Epigenetics: study of biological or environmental influences on gene expression that are not part of inherited genes
Advances in immunology and other peripheral systems

28
Q

Behaviorism

A

a psychological approach that emphasizes environmental influences on observable behavior

29
Q

Big Data:

A

uses tools from the computer science world (social media, youtube, data mining, machine learning ,etc) to identify complex patterns in large data sets

30
Q

Data ethics:

A

grapples with issues of privacy, equal access to information, and how much information we can control information about ourselves

31
Q

Open science movement

A

a social movement among scientists to improve methods, increase research transparency, and promote data sharing

32
Q

Culture has a profound effect on a person’s behavior and shaping an individual’s psychology

A

Instills rules/norms

33
Q

Biological level of analysis deals with how the physical body contributes to mind and behavior

A

Brain systems, neurochemistry, genetics

34
Q

Individual level of analysis focuses on individual differences in personality and in the mental processes that affect how people perceive and know the world

A

Individual relationships, perception and cognition, behavior

35
Q

Social level of analysis involves how group contexts affect the ways in which people interact and influence each other

A

Interpersonal behavior, social cognition

36
Q

Cultural level of analysis explores how people’s (-) (-)(-) are similar or different across cultures

A

thoughts, feeling, actions

37
Q

Retrieval based learning:

A

learning new information by repeatedly recalling it from long term memory

38
Q

Elaborative interrogation:

A

thinking through why a fact is true or why it is true in some cases but not others

39
Q

Self-explanation:

A

reflecting on your learning process and trying to make sense of new material in your own terms

40
Q

Interleaved practice:

A

switching between topics during studying

41
Q

Distributed practice

A

learning material in several bursts over a prolonged time frame

psyh 101 (5 decks)

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