chapter one

Question 1

Psychological science

Answer 1

the study through research of mind, brain, and behavior

Question 2

Mind refers to

Answer 2

mental activity ,Memories ,Thoughts
Feelings ,Perceptual insights (smell, touch, taste, feel, sound)

Question 3

Behavior describes the totality of (—)human (or animal) actions

Answer 3

observable

Question 4

Amiable skepticism

Answer 4

Weighing facts when deciding what to believe

Question 5

Human brain is highly efficient at finding (-) and noticing (-)between things

Answer 5

patterns, connections

Question 6

Ignoring evidence (confirmation bias)

Answer 6

people are inclined to over weigh evidence that supports their beliefs and tend to downplay evidence that does not match what they believe

Question 7

Seeing causal relationships that do not exist:

Answer 7

the misinterpretation that two events that happen at the same time must somehow be related

Question 8

Accepting after the fact explanations (hindsight bias):

Answer 8

interpret and reinterpret old evidence to make sense of that outcome. Gives false sense of certainty about our ability to make predictions of future behavior

Question 9

Taking mental shortcuts (heuristics):

Answer 9

produce reasonably good decisions without too much effort
Can lead to inaccurate judgement

Question 10

availability heuristic

Answer 10

things that come most easily to mind guide our thinking

Question 11

Hypothesis Generation:

Answer 11

considering the possibilities/explanations of the why of the experiment

Question 12

Mind/Body Problem:

Answer 12

a fundamental psychological issue: are mind and body separate and distinct or is the mind simply the brain’s subjective experience?

Question 12

Dualism

Answer 12

idea that the mind and body are separate yet intertwined

Question 13

Nature vs Nurture

Answer 13

Is an individual’s psychological characteristics biologically innate or are learned and acquired

Question 14

Johnathan Stuart Mill

Answer 14

Psychology should leave the realm of speculation and philosophy and become a science
Defined psychology as the science of the elementary laws of the mind

Question 15

Stream of consciousness (William James)

Answer 15

describe each person’s continuous series of ever-changing thoughts

Question 16

Functionalism

Answer 16

an approach to psychology concerned with the adaptive purpose or function of mind and behavior
Mind came into existence over the course of human evolution
Helps humans adapt to environmental demands

Question 17

Natural selection

Answer 17

those who adapt to their environment are at an advantage over those who do not adapt

Question 18

Clinical psychology

Answer 18

area of psychology that seeks to understand, characterize, and treat mental illnesses

Question 19

Cognitive psychology

Answer 19

understand the basic skills and processes that are the foundation of mental life and behavior
ex: Laboratory research
Topics such as memory, attention, sensation and perception

Question 20

Cultural psychology:

Answer 20

how cultural factors such as geographical regions, national beliefs, and religious values can have profound effects on mental life and behavior

Question 21

Developmental psychology:

Answer 21

studies how humans grow and develop from the prenatal period through infancy and early childhood through adolescence and early adulthood and into old age

Question 22

Health psychology:

Answer 22

how psychological processes influence physical health and vice versa

Question 23

Industrial/Organizational psychology

Answer 23

how psychological processes plays out in the workplace

Question 24

Close relationship psychologists:

Answer 24

research our intimate relationships, properties that make them succeed or fail and the two-way effects between intimate relationships and other aspects of our lives

Question 25

Social personality psychology:

Answer 25

study of everyday thoughts, feelings, and behaviors and the factors that give rise to them Focuses on the situational and dispositional causes of behavior and interactions between them

Question 26

Developments in neuroscience

Answer 26

Brain imaging Localization of functions: the brain is specialized for different functions

Question 27

Progress in genetics and epigenetics

Answer 27

Epigenetics: study of biological or environmental influences on gene expression that are not part of inherited genes Advances in immunology and other peripheral systems

Question 28

Behaviorism

Answer 28

a psychological approach that emphasizes environmental influences on observable behavior

Question 29

Big Data:

Answer 29

uses tools from the computer science world (social media, youtube, data mining, machine learning ,etc) to identify complex patterns in large data sets

Question 30

Data ethics:

Answer 30

grapples with issues of privacy, equal access to information, and how much information we can control information about ourselves

Question 31

Open science movement

Answer 31

a social movement among scientists to improve methods, increase research transparency, and promote data sharing

Question 32

Culture has a profound effect on a person's behavior and shaping an individual's psychology

Answer 32

Instills rules/norms

Question 33

Biological level of analysis deals with how the physical body contributes to mind and behavior

Answer 33

Brain systems, neurochemistry, genetics

Question 34

Individual level of analysis focuses on individual differences in personality and in the mental processes that affect how people perceive and know the world

Answer 34

Individual relationships, perception and cognition, behavior

Question 35

Social level of analysis involves how group contexts affect the ways in which people interact and influence each other

Answer 35

Interpersonal behavior, social cognition

Question 36

Cultural level of analysis explores how people's (-) (-)(-) are similar or different across cultures

Answer 36

thoughts, feeling, actions

Question 37

Retrieval based learning:

Answer 37

learning new information by repeatedly recalling it from long term memory

Question 38

Elaborative interrogation:

Answer 38

thinking through why a fact is true or why it is true in some cases but not others

Question 39

Self-explanation:

Answer 39

reflecting on your learning process and trying to make sense of new material in your own terms

Question 40

Interleaved practice:

Answer 40

switching between topics during studying

Question 41

Distributed practice

Answer 41

learning material in several bursts over a prolonged time frame